Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology

Augustine Oghenekevwe Igbinake

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13

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Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology

Augustine Oghenekevwe Igbinake^*

Published in American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 2)

Received: 11 April 2025 Accepted: 22 April 2025 Published: 26 May 2025

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Abstract

The solidus and liquidus temperatures are critical parameters in materials science, particularly for alloys, defining the boundaries between solid and liquid phases during melting and solidification. The solidus is the highest temperature at which an alloy is excellent, and the liquidus is the lowest temperature at which an alloy is completely liquid. Understanding these temperatures is crucial for processes like casting, brazing, and materials' behavior under high temperatures. This research aims to estimate the solidus and liquidus temperatures of mild steel (S275) weld metal by applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process. The input parameters considered in the study include welding current, welding voltage, and gas flow rate, while the output responses are the solidus and liquidus temperatures. The methodology helps identify the optimal combination of these input parameters that yields the most accurate values for the solidus and liquidus temperatures of the mild steel weld metal. The suggested model for solidus temperature has an R²of 0.9984, an Adjusted R² of 0.9970, and a Predicted R² of 0.9306. In contrast, Liquidus temperature has an R² of 0.9997, an Adjusted R² of 0.9994, and a Predicted R² of 0.9994, showing a significant model and indicating a desirability value of 91.5%.

Published in	American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13
Page(s)	57-63
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Solidus Temperature, Liquidus Temperature, Current, Voltage, Desirability, Mild Steel

References

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[2]	Tunde BA, Ayodeji SO, Stella IM, Cordelia OO, Sunday AA., Imhade PO, Kazeem BA., 0lugbenga MA. (2024), Assessment of the Combined Effects of Input Parameters on Solidus and Liquidus Temperature in TIG Welding, 2024 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Driving Sustainable Development Goals (SEB4SDG 2024).
[3]	EZAKI H, NAMBU T, NINOMIYA R, NAKAHARA YC, WANG Q, MORINAGA M. (2002) Estimation of liquidus temperature of Sn-based alloys and its application to the design of Pb-free solder, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 13(5): 269-272.
[4]	Li Min Liu Hongbo Xie Rongyuan, Che Xiaorui, Liu Ying, Xu Hao, Zhang Caidong, Tian Zhiqiang (2023) Investigation of the liquidus temperature calculation method for medium manganese steel, High Temperature Materials and Processes 2023; 42: 20220285.
[5]	Gryc K, Strouhalová =M, Smetana B, Kawuloková K, Zlá S, Socha L, Michalek K, Tkadlečková M, Kalup A, Jonsta P, Sušovský M, (2017), Determination Of Solidus And Liquidus Temperatures For Bearing Steel By Thermal Analysis Methods, METALURGIJA 56 (2017) 3-4, 385-388.
[6]	Han L, Begona S, Linzhong Z, (2022), Investigating the effects of solidus temperature on the analytical microsegregation model, Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2022: 18: 138-146.
[7]	Chukwunedum O C, Achebo J I., Obahiagbon K, A (2023) Optimization and Prediction Of Liquidus Temperature Of Mild Steel Weld Metal using RSM And ANN, Journal of Inventive Engineering and Technology (JIET).
[8]	Lincoln, E (2014). The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding 14th ed., page 1.1-1.
[9]	Box G, Behnken, D, (1960) Some new three level designs for the study of quantitative variables, Technometrics, Volume 2, pages 455–475, 1960.
[10]	Igbinake AO (2025) Comparison of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in Optimization of the Thermal Diffusivity of Mild Steel TIG Welding, American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 2025, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 43-49 https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.11
[11]	Ilaboya, I R; Otuaro, EA (2019) Optimizing the Sorption of Mn2+ ion from Aqueous Solution onto Zinc Chloride Activated Sawdust Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Civil and Environmental Research, ISSN 2224-5790, Vol. 11, No. 9.

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APA Style

Igbinake, A. O. (2025). Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology. American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 9(2), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13

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ACS Style

Igbinake, A. O. Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology. Am. J. Mech. Mater. Eng. 2025, 9(2), 57-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13

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AMA Style

Igbinake AO. Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology. Am J Mech Mater Eng. 2025;9(2):57-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13,
  author = {Augustine Oghenekevwe Igbinake},
  title = {Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology
},
  journal = {American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {57-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmme.20250902.13},
  abstract = {The solidus and liquidus temperatures are critical parameters in materials science, particularly for alloys, defining the boundaries between solid and liquid phases during melting and solidification. The solidus is the highest temperature at which an alloy is excellent, and the liquidus is the lowest temperature at which an alloy is completely liquid. Understanding these temperatures is crucial for processes like casting, brazing, and materials' behavior under high temperatures. This research aims to estimate the solidus and liquidus temperatures of mild steel (S275) weld metal by applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process. The input parameters considered in the study include welding current, welding voltage, and gas flow rate, while the output responses are the solidus and liquidus temperatures. The methodology helps identify the optimal combination of these input parameters that yields the most accurate values for the solidus and liquidus temperatures of the mild steel weld metal. The suggested model for solidus temperature has an R2of 0.9984, an Adjusted R2 of 0.9970, and a Predicted R2 of 0.9306. In contrast, Liquidus temperature has an R2 of 0.9997, an Adjusted R2 of 0.9994, and a Predicted R2 of 0.9994, showing a significant model and indicating a desirability value of 91.5%.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology

AU  - Augustine Oghenekevwe Igbinake
Y1  - 2025/05/26
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13
T2  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
SP  - 57
EP  - 63
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2639-9652
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13
AB  - The solidus and liquidus temperatures are critical parameters in materials science, particularly for alloys, defining the boundaries between solid and liquid phases during melting and solidification. The solidus is the highest temperature at which an alloy is excellent, and the liquidus is the lowest temperature at which an alloy is completely liquid. Understanding these temperatures is crucial for processes like casting, brazing, and materials' behavior under high temperatures. This research aims to estimate the solidus and liquidus temperatures of mild steel (S275) weld metal by applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process. The input parameters considered in the study include welding current, welding voltage, and gas flow rate, while the output responses are the solidus and liquidus temperatures. The methodology helps identify the optimal combination of these input parameters that yields the most accurate values for the solidus and liquidus temperatures of the mild steel weld metal. The suggested model for solidus temperature has an R2of 0.9984, an Adjusted R2 of 0.9970, and a Predicted R2 of 0.9306. In contrast, Liquidus temperature has an R2 of 0.9997, an Adjusted R2 of 0.9994, and a Predicted R2 of 0.9994, showing a significant model and indicating a desirability value of 91.5%.

VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Augustine Oghenekevwe Igbinake

Department of Production Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0002-4210-1718

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APA Style

Igbinake, A. O. (2025). Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology. American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 9(2), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13

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ACS Style

Igbinake, A. O. Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology. Am. J. Mech. Mater. Eng. 2025, 9(2), 57-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13

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AMA Style

Igbinake AO. Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology. Am J Mech Mater Eng. 2025;9(2):57-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13,
  author = {Augustine Oghenekevwe Igbinake},
  title = {Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology
},
  journal = {American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {57-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmme.20250902.13},
  abstract = {The solidus and liquidus temperatures are critical parameters in materials science, particularly for alloys, defining the boundaries between solid and liquid phases during melting and solidification. The solidus is the highest temperature at which an alloy is excellent, and the liquidus is the lowest temperature at which an alloy is completely liquid. Understanding these temperatures is crucial for processes like casting, brazing, and materials' behavior under high temperatures. This research aims to estimate the solidus and liquidus temperatures of mild steel (S275) weld metal by applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process. The input parameters considered in the study include welding current, welding voltage, and gas flow rate, while the output responses are the solidus and liquidus temperatures. The methodology helps identify the optimal combination of these input parameters that yields the most accurate values for the solidus and liquidus temperatures of the mild steel weld metal. The suggested model for solidus temperature has an R2of 0.9984, an Adjusted R2 of 0.9970, and a Predicted R2 of 0.9306. In contrast, Liquidus temperature has an R2 of 0.9997, an Adjusted R2 of 0.9994, and a Predicted R2 of 0.9994, showing a significant model and indicating a desirability value of 91.5%.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimation of Solidus and Liquidus Temperature of TIG Mild Steel (S275) Using Response Surface Methodology

AU  - Augustine Oghenekevwe Igbinake
Y1  - 2025/05/26
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13
T2  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
SP  - 57
EP  - 63
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2639-9652
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20250902.13
AB  - The solidus and liquidus temperatures are critical parameters in materials science, particularly for alloys, defining the boundaries between solid and liquid phases during melting and solidification. The solidus is the highest temperature at which an alloy is excellent, and the liquidus is the lowest temperature at which an alloy is completely liquid. Understanding these temperatures is crucial for processes like casting, brazing, and materials' behavior under high temperatures. This research aims to estimate the solidus and liquidus temperatures of mild steel (S275) weld metal by applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process. The input parameters considered in the study include welding current, welding voltage, and gas flow rate, while the output responses are the solidus and liquidus temperatures. The methodology helps identify the optimal combination of these input parameters that yields the most accurate values for the solidus and liquidus temperatures of the mild steel weld metal. The suggested model for solidus temperature has an R2of 0.9984, an Adjusted R2 of 0.9970, and a Predicted R2 of 0.9306. In contrast, Liquidus temperature has an R2 of 0.9997, an Adjusted R2 of 0.9994, and a Predicted R2 of 0.9994, showing a significant model and indicating a desirability value of 91.5%.

VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

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