| Peer-Reviewed

A Practical Approach for Validation of Aptitude of Sized Carbon Fibers for the In-Mould -Impregnation Process

Received: 7 January 2019     Accepted: 19 February 2019     Published: 14 March 2019
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

As a new and innovative processing method for carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites, the In-Mould-Impregnation process (IMI) adopts carbon fibers as a heating element by electrical conduction. During heating of the dry carbon fibers in the production process, temperatures up to over 500°C can occur. However, the surface properties of carbon fibers and sizing may change under such conditions and thus affect the resulting composite. The present study is a practical approach to validate the suitability of sized carbon fibers for the IMI. The influence of a thermal treatment according to the parameters of the IMI-Process on carbon fiber-thermoplastic matrix interfacial adhesion was investigated by means of micromechanical and optical test methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the thermal treatment of carbon fibers causes a reduction of tensile strength of single fibers. It does not show an influence on the micromechanical breaking behavior in a PA 6 composite but the surface tension of carbon fibers changes. The change in surface tension can affect the wettability of the carbon fiber with a thermoplastic matrix.

Published in American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajmme.20190301.12
Page(s) 11-19
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

In-Mould-Impregnation, Interfacial Shear Strength, Single Fiber Fragmentation Test, Thermal Treatment, Fiber-Matrix Adhesion

References
[1] “Anjamid PA 6 for automotive applications,” Plastics, Additives and Compounding, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 21, 2007.
[2] R. Boyer, “Aircraft Materials,” in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology: Elsevier, 2001, pp. 66–73.
[3] E. Matoso and S. Cadore, “Determination of inorganic contaminants in polyamide textiles used for manufacturing sport T-shirts,” (eng), Talanta, vol. 88, pp. 496–501, 2012.
[4] S. Yu, W. M. Yek, S. Y. Ho, S. A. D. Rannou, and S. H. Lim, “Microstructure and impact strength of polyamide 6 composites,” Materials Today Communications, vol. 4, pp. 199–203, 2015.
[5] J. Reddemann, Beitrag zum energieeffizienten Einsatz von Thermoplast-CFK im Automobilbau, 1st ed. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag, 2016.
[6] Y. Gu, H. Liu, M. Li, Y. Li, and Z. Zhang, “Macro- and micro-interfacial properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite under hygrothermal treatments,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 369–379, 2013.
[7] Z. Dai et al., “Effect of heat treatment on carbon fiber surface properties and fibers/epoxy interfacial adhesion,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 257, no. 20, pp. 8457–8461, 2011.
[8] V. Rao and L. T. Drzal, “The Temperature Dependence of Interfacial Shear Strength for Various Polymeric Matrices Reinforced with Carbon Fibers,” The Journal of Adhesion, vol. 37, no. 1-3, pp. 83–95, 1992.
[9] H. J. Fu, Y. D. Huang, and L. Liu, “Influence of fibre surface oxidation treatment on mechanical interfacial properties of carbon fibre/ polyarylacetylene composites,” Materials Science and Technology, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1655–1660, 2013.
[10] J. Moosburger-Will et al., “Interaction between carbon fibers and polymer sizing: Influence of fiber surface chemistry and sizing reactivity,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 439, pp. 305–312, 2018.
[11] G. W. Ehrenstein, Faserverbund-Kunststoffe: Werkstoffe, Verarbeitung, Eigenschaften, 2nd ed. München, Wien: Hanser, 2006.
[12] I. Giraud, S. Franceschi-Messant, E. Perez, C. Lacabanne, and E. Dantras, “Preparation of aqueous dispersion of thermoplastic sizing agent for carbon fiber by emulsion/solvent evaporation,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 266, pp. 94–99, 2013.
[13] D. TRIPATHI and F. R. JONES, “Single fibre fragmentation test for assessing adhesion in fibre reinforced composites,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 1998.
[14] D. Y. Kwok, T. Gietzelt, K. Grundke, H.-J. Jacobasch, and A. W. Neumann, “Contact Angle Measurements and Contact Angle Interpretation. 1. Contact Angle Measurements by Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis and a Goniometer Sessile Drop Technique,” Langmuir, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 2880–2894, 1997.
[15] A. W. Neumann, Ed., Applied surface thermodynamics. New York, NY: Dekker, 1996.
[16] H. J. Busscher, A. W. J. van Pelt, P. de Boer, H. P. de Jong, and J. Arends, “The effect of surface roughening of polymers on measured contact angles of liquids,” Colloids and Surfaces, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 319–331, 1984.
[17] W. Weibull, “Wide applicability,” J. Appl. Mech., no. 103, p. 33, 1951.
[18] Z. Zhai, C. Gröschel, and D. Drummer, “Tensile behavior of quasi-unidirectional glass fiber/polypropylene composites at room and elevated temperatures,” Polymer Testing, vol. 54, pp. 126–133, 2016.
[19] T.-T. Yao, G.-P. Wu, and C. Song, “Interfacial adhesion properties of carbon fiber/polycarbonate composites by using a single-filament fragmentation test,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 149, pp. 108–115, 2017.
[20] A. Kelly and W. R. Tyson, “Tensile properties of fibre-reinforced metals: Copper/tungsten and copper/molybdenum,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 329–350, 1965.
[21] Omid Zabihi, Mojtaba Ahmadi, Quanxiang Li, Sajjad Shafei, and Minoo Naebe, “Carbon fibres surface modifications using functionalized nanoclays,” 2017.
[22] K. Tanaka, M. Suzue, S. Isshiki, M. Shinohara, and T. Katayama, “Evaluation of the interfacial and interlaminar shear strength of carbon fiber reinforced polycarbonate made by a unidirectional sheet,” in Ostend, Belgium, 2014, pp. 291–299.
[23] J. Li, “Interfacial features of polyamide 6 composites filled with oxidation modified carbon fibres,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, vol. 223, no. 9, pp. 2135–2141, 2009.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Andre Ullmer, Tobias Kleffel, Zhanyu Zhai, Tobias Mattner, Dietmar Drummer. (2019). A Practical Approach for Validation of Aptitude of Sized Carbon Fibers for the In-Mould -Impregnation Process. American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 3(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20190301.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Andre Ullmer; Tobias Kleffel; Zhanyu Zhai; Tobias Mattner; Dietmar Drummer. A Practical Approach for Validation of Aptitude of Sized Carbon Fibers for the In-Mould -Impregnation Process. Am. J. Mech. Mater. Eng. 2019, 3(1), 11-19. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20190301.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Andre Ullmer, Tobias Kleffel, Zhanyu Zhai, Tobias Mattner, Dietmar Drummer. A Practical Approach for Validation of Aptitude of Sized Carbon Fibers for the In-Mould -Impregnation Process. Am J Mech Mater Eng. 2019;3(1):11-19. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20190301.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajmme.20190301.12,
      author = {Andre Ullmer and Tobias Kleffel and Zhanyu Zhai and Tobias Mattner and Dietmar Drummer},
      title = {A Practical Approach for Validation of Aptitude of Sized Carbon Fibers for the In-Mould -Impregnation Process},
      journal = {American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering},
      volume = {3},
      number = {1},
      pages = {11-19},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajmme.20190301.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20190301.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmme.20190301.12},
      abstract = {As a new and innovative processing method for carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites, the In-Mould-Impregnation process (IMI) adopts carbon fibers as a heating element by electrical conduction. During heating of the dry carbon fibers in the production process, temperatures up to over 500°C can occur. However, the surface properties of carbon fibers and sizing may change under such conditions and thus affect the resulting composite. The present study is a practical approach to validate the suitability of sized carbon fibers for the IMI. The influence of a thermal treatment according to the parameters of the IMI-Process on carbon fiber-thermoplastic matrix interfacial adhesion was investigated by means of micromechanical and optical test methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the thermal treatment of carbon fibers causes a reduction of tensile strength of single fibers. It does not show an influence on the micromechanical breaking behavior in a PA 6 composite but the surface tension of carbon fibers changes. The change in surface tension can affect the wettability of the carbon fiber with a thermoplastic matrix.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - A Practical Approach for Validation of Aptitude of Sized Carbon Fibers for the In-Mould -Impregnation Process
    AU  - Andre Ullmer
    AU  - Tobias Kleffel
    AU  - Zhanyu Zhai
    AU  - Tobias Mattner
    AU  - Dietmar Drummer
    Y1  - 2019/03/14
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20190301.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajmme.20190301.12
    T2  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
    JF  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
    JO  - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
    SP  - 11
    EP  - 19
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2639-9652
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20190301.12
    AB  - As a new and innovative processing method for carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites, the In-Mould-Impregnation process (IMI) adopts carbon fibers as a heating element by electrical conduction. During heating of the dry carbon fibers in the production process, temperatures up to over 500°C can occur. However, the surface properties of carbon fibers and sizing may change under such conditions and thus affect the resulting composite. The present study is a practical approach to validate the suitability of sized carbon fibers for the IMI. The influence of a thermal treatment according to the parameters of the IMI-Process on carbon fiber-thermoplastic matrix interfacial adhesion was investigated by means of micromechanical and optical test methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the thermal treatment of carbon fibers causes a reduction of tensile strength of single fibers. It does not show an influence on the micromechanical breaking behavior in a PA 6 composite but the surface tension of carbon fibers changes. The change in surface tension can affect the wettability of the carbon fiber with a thermoplastic matrix.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

  • Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

  • Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

  • Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

  • Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

  • Sections