Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers

Randriana Heritiana Nambinina Erica; Ando Nirina Andriamanalina

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12

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Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers

Randriana Heritiana Nambinina Erica^*

, Ando Nirina Andriamanalina

Published in American Journal of Information Science and Technology (Volume 10, Issue 1)

Received: 15 December 2025 Accepted: 25 December 2025 Published: 19 January 2026

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Abstract

The continuously increasing demand for higher data transmission rates in modern telecommunication systems is pushing existing optical filtering and dispersion management technologies to their fundamental limits. Among these technologies, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have emerged as key components due to their compact size, wavelength selectivity, and compatibility with optical fiber infrastructures. However, the performance of conventional FBGs is often constrained by intrinsic limitations such as group delay ripples, limited bandwidth control, and non-ideal spectral responses, which become increasingly critical at high data rates. The present work focuses on the mathematical modeling and optimization of phase masks to improve the performance of fiber Bragg gratings. The first stage of this study is devoted to enhancing the planar Bragg grating configuration. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis is carried out to identify and evaluate the parameters that govern the optical behavior of phase masks and, by extension, the resulting fiber Bragg gratings. Four key parameters are systematically investigated in this study. The first parameter is the grating length L, which plays a crucial role in determining the reflectivity, bandwidth, and spectral selectivity of the grating. The second parameter is the refractive index modulation Δ_n between the exposed and unexposed regions of the fiber core, which directly influences the coupling strength and overall efficiency of the grating. The third set of parameters concerns the group delay and bandwidth characteristics of chirped fiber Bragg gratings, which are particularly important for dispersion compensation and signal integrity in high-speed optical communication systems. Finally, the effect of various apodization functions is examined, as apodization is known to significantly reduce sidelobes and improve spectral smoothness. A detailed and systematic investigation of these parameters demonstrates that appropriate optimization can lead to a substantial reduction, and in some cases complete suppression, of group delay ripples. The elimination of these oscillations is a critical requirement for achieving high-fidelity signal transmission and minimizing distortion in optical communication links. The results show that the performance of phase masks and the resulting fiber gratings depends on the combined effects of structural and optical parameters. Optimizing these parameters together is essential to obtain high diffraction efficiency, good spectral quality, and stable grating inscription. The proposed approach provides practical design guidelines for developing high-performance grating-based components for next-generation optical communication systems.

Published in	American Journal of Information Science and Technology (Volume 10, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12
Page(s)	8-14
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Optical Fiber, Chromatic Dispersion, Fiber Bragg Grating, Transfer, Apodization

References

[1]	Kashyap, R. Fiber Bragg Gratings, 2nd Ed.; Academic Press: London, 2010. Comprehensive treatise on FBG fundamentals, fabrication, theory, and applications.
[2]	Daud, S.; Ali, J. Fibre Bragg Grating and No Core Fibre Sensors; SpringerBriefs in Physics; Springer: Singapore, 2018. Introduction to FBG design and sensor applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8598-9
[3]	Cusano, A.; Cutolo, A.; Albert, J. (Eds.). Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Recent Advancements, Industrial Applications and Market Exploitation; Bentham Science Publishers: Sharjah, 2011. Overview of fabrication methods and commercial advances. https://doi.org/10.2174/97816080534331110101
[4]	Ghatak, A. K.; Thyagarajan, K. An Introduction to Fiber Optics; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1998. Fundamental textbook covering optical fiber theory and gratings.
[5]	Bures, J. Optique guidée. Fibres optiques et composants passifs tout fibre; Presses Internationales Polytechnique: Montréal, 2009. Detailed coverage of guided optics including Bragg structures.
[6]	Meltz, G.; Ouellette, F. (Eds.). Optical Fiber Sensors: Advanced Techniques and Applications; SPIE Press: Bellingham, WA, 2003. In-depth treatments of FBG sensor technology. https://doi.org/10.1117/3.521867
[7]	Senior, J. M.; Jamro, M. Y. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice, 3rd Ed.; Pearson: Harlow, 2009. Classic optical fiber communications textbook with FBG context.
[8]	Agrawal, G. P. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, 4th Ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2010. Authoritative resource on fiber communications including filters and gratings. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470918524
[9]	Snyder, A. W.; Love, J. Optical Waveguide Theory; Chapman and Hall: London, 1983. Fundamental theory of guided waves relevant to FBG modal analysis.
[10]	Ghatak, A. K.; Thyagarajan, K. Introduction to Fiber Optics; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1998. Foundational theory on fiber modes and gratings.
[11]	Marcuse, D. Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides, 2nd Ed.; Academic Press: San Diego, 1991. Mathematical foundations for waveguide and grating design.
[12]	Okamoto, K. Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, 2nd Ed.; Academic Press: Burlington, MA, 2006. Widely used graduate-level text on fiber and waveguide optics. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-525096-2.X5000-1
[13]	Senior, J. M. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice, 3rd Ed.; Pearson: Harlow, 2009. Detailed system-level view of fiber components including filters.
[14]	Hecht, J. Understanding Fiber Optics, 5th Ed.; Pearson: Boston, 2015. Accessible introduction with practical insights on fiber components.
[15]	Kashyap, R. Photonic Devices; Applied Optics and Optical Engineering Series; Academic Press: London, 2012. Broader context of photonic devices including grating fabrication.

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Erica, R. H. N., Andriamanalina, A. N. (2026). Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers. American Journal of Information Science and Technology, 10(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12

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ACS Style

Erica, R. H. N.; Andriamanalina, A. N. Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers. Am. J. Inf. Sci. Technol. 2026, 10(1), 8-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12

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AMA Style

Erica RHN, Andriamanalina AN. Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers. Am J Inf Sci Technol. 2026;10(1):8-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12,
  author = {Randriana Heritiana Nambinina Erica and Ando Nirina Andriamanalina},
  title = {Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers},
  journal = {American Journal of Information Science and Technology},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {8-14},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajist.20261001.12},
  abstract = {The continuously increasing demand for higher data transmission rates in modern telecommunication systems is pushing existing optical filtering and dispersion management technologies to their fundamental limits. Among these technologies, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have emerged as key components due to their compact size, wavelength selectivity, and compatibility with optical fiber infrastructures. However, the performance of conventional FBGs is often constrained by intrinsic limitations such as group delay ripples, limited bandwidth control, and non-ideal spectral responses, which become increasingly critical at high data rates. The present work focuses on the mathematical modeling and optimization of phase masks to improve the performance of fiber Bragg gratings. The first stage of this study is devoted to enhancing the planar Bragg grating configuration. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis is carried out to identify and evaluate the parameters that govern the optical behavior of phase masks and, by extension, the resulting fiber Bragg gratings. Four key parameters are systematically investigated in this study. The first parameter is the grating length L, which plays a crucial role in determining the reflectivity, bandwidth, and spectral selectivity of the grating. The second parameter is the refractive index modulation Δn between the exposed and unexposed regions of the fiber core, which directly influences the coupling strength and overall efficiency of the grating. The third set of parameters concerns the group delay and bandwidth characteristics of chirped fiber Bragg gratings, which are particularly important for dispersion compensation and signal integrity in high-speed optical communication systems. Finally, the effect of various apodization functions is examined, as apodization is known to significantly reduce sidelobes and improve spectral smoothness. A detailed and systematic investigation of these parameters demonstrates that appropriate optimization can lead to a substantial reduction, and in some cases complete suppression, of group delay ripples. The elimination of these oscillations is a critical requirement for achieving high-fidelity signal transmission and minimizing distortion in optical communication links. The results show that the performance of phase masks and the resulting fiber gratings depends on the combined effects of structural and optical parameters. Optimizing these parameters together is essential to obtain high diffraction efficiency, good spectral quality, and stable grating inscription. The proposed approach provides practical design guidelines for developing high-performance grating-based components for next-generation optical communication systems.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers
AU  - Randriana Heritiana Nambinina Erica
AU  - Ando Nirina Andriamanalina
Y1  - 2026/01/19
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12
T2  - American Journal of Information Science and Technology
JF  - American Journal of Information Science and Technology
JO  - American Journal of Information Science and Technology
SP  - 8
EP  - 14
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0588
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12
AB  - The continuously increasing demand for higher data transmission rates in modern telecommunication systems is pushing existing optical filtering and dispersion management technologies to their fundamental limits. Among these technologies, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have emerged as key components due to their compact size, wavelength selectivity, and compatibility with optical fiber infrastructures. However, the performance of conventional FBGs is often constrained by intrinsic limitations such as group delay ripples, limited bandwidth control, and non-ideal spectral responses, which become increasingly critical at high data rates. The present work focuses on the mathematical modeling and optimization of phase masks to improve the performance of fiber Bragg gratings. The first stage of this study is devoted to enhancing the planar Bragg grating configuration. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis is carried out to identify and evaluate the parameters that govern the optical behavior of phase masks and, by extension, the resulting fiber Bragg gratings. Four key parameters are systematically investigated in this study. The first parameter is the grating length L, which plays a crucial role in determining the reflectivity, bandwidth, and spectral selectivity of the grating. The second parameter is the refractive index modulation Δn between the exposed and unexposed regions of the fiber core, which directly influences the coupling strength and overall efficiency of the grating. The third set of parameters concerns the group delay and bandwidth characteristics of chirped fiber Bragg gratings, which are particularly important for dispersion compensation and signal integrity in high-speed optical communication systems. Finally, the effect of various apodization functions is examined, as apodization is known to significantly reduce sidelobes and improve spectral smoothness. A detailed and systematic investigation of these parameters demonstrates that appropriate optimization can lead to a substantial reduction, and in some cases complete suppression, of group delay ripples. The elimination of these oscillations is a critical requirement for achieving high-fidelity signal transmission and minimizing distortion in optical communication links. The results show that the performance of phase masks and the resulting fiber gratings depends on the combined effects of structural and optical parameters. Optimizing these parameters together is essential to obtain high diffraction efficiency, good spectral quality, and stable grating inscription. The proposed approach provides practical design guidelines for developing high-performance grating-based components for next-generation optical communication systems.
VL  - 10
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Randriana Heritiana Nambinina Erica

Telecommunications, Doctoral School of Engineering Sciences and Innovation, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0003-8089-172X
Ando Nirina Andriamanalina

Telecommunications, Doctoral School of Engineering Sciences and Innovation, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-1384-1932

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APA Style

Erica, R. H. N., Andriamanalina, A. N. (2026). Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers. American Journal of Information Science and Technology, 10(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12

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ACS Style

Erica, R. H. N.; Andriamanalina, A. N. Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers. Am. J. Inf. Sci. Technol. 2026, 10(1), 8-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12

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AMA Style

Erica RHN, Andriamanalina AN. Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers. Am J Inf Sci Technol. 2026;10(1):8-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12,
  author = {Randriana Heritiana Nambinina Erica and Ando Nirina Andriamanalina},
  title = {Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers},
  journal = {American Journal of Information Science and Technology},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {8-14},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajist.20261001.12},
  abstract = {The continuously increasing demand for higher data transmission rates in modern telecommunication systems is pushing existing optical filtering and dispersion management technologies to their fundamental limits. Among these technologies, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have emerged as key components due to their compact size, wavelength selectivity, and compatibility with optical fiber infrastructures. However, the performance of conventional FBGs is often constrained by intrinsic limitations such as group delay ripples, limited bandwidth control, and non-ideal spectral responses, which become increasingly critical at high data rates. The present work focuses on the mathematical modeling and optimization of phase masks to improve the performance of fiber Bragg gratings. The first stage of this study is devoted to enhancing the planar Bragg grating configuration. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis is carried out to identify and evaluate the parameters that govern the optical behavior of phase masks and, by extension, the resulting fiber Bragg gratings. Four key parameters are systematically investigated in this study. The first parameter is the grating length L, which plays a crucial role in determining the reflectivity, bandwidth, and spectral selectivity of the grating. The second parameter is the refractive index modulation Δn between the exposed and unexposed regions of the fiber core, which directly influences the coupling strength and overall efficiency of the grating. The third set of parameters concerns the group delay and bandwidth characteristics of chirped fiber Bragg gratings, which are particularly important for dispersion compensation and signal integrity in high-speed optical communication systems. Finally, the effect of various apodization functions is examined, as apodization is known to significantly reduce sidelobes and improve spectral smoothness. A detailed and systematic investigation of these parameters demonstrates that appropriate optimization can lead to a substantial reduction, and in some cases complete suppression, of group delay ripples. The elimination of these oscillations is a critical requirement for achieving high-fidelity signal transmission and minimizing distortion in optical communication links. The results show that the performance of phase masks and the resulting fiber gratings depends on the combined effects of structural and optical parameters. Optimizing these parameters together is essential to obtain high diffraction efficiency, good spectral quality, and stable grating inscription. The proposed approach provides practical design guidelines for developing high-performance grating-based components for next-generation optical communication systems.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Phase Mask Modeling for Improved Fiber Bragg Grating Efficiency in Optical Fibers
AU  - Randriana Heritiana Nambinina Erica
AU  - Ando Nirina Andriamanalina
Y1  - 2026/01/19
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12
T2  - American Journal of Information Science and Technology
JF  - American Journal of Information Science and Technology
JO  - American Journal of Information Science and Technology
SP  - 8
EP  - 14
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0588
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajist.20261001.12
AB  - The continuously increasing demand for higher data transmission rates in modern telecommunication systems is pushing existing optical filtering and dispersion management technologies to their fundamental limits. Among these technologies, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have emerged as key components due to their compact size, wavelength selectivity, and compatibility with optical fiber infrastructures. However, the performance of conventional FBGs is often constrained by intrinsic limitations such as group delay ripples, limited bandwidth control, and non-ideal spectral responses, which become increasingly critical at high data rates. The present work focuses on the mathematical modeling and optimization of phase masks to improve the performance of fiber Bragg gratings. The first stage of this study is devoted to enhancing the planar Bragg grating configuration. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis is carried out to identify and evaluate the parameters that govern the optical behavior of phase masks and, by extension, the resulting fiber Bragg gratings. Four key parameters are systematically investigated in this study. The first parameter is the grating length L, which plays a crucial role in determining the reflectivity, bandwidth, and spectral selectivity of the grating. The second parameter is the refractive index modulation Δn between the exposed and unexposed regions of the fiber core, which directly influences the coupling strength and overall efficiency of the grating. The third set of parameters concerns the group delay and bandwidth characteristics of chirped fiber Bragg gratings, which are particularly important for dispersion compensation and signal integrity in high-speed optical communication systems. Finally, the effect of various apodization functions is examined, as apodization is known to significantly reduce sidelobes and improve spectral smoothness. A detailed and systematic investigation of these parameters demonstrates that appropriate optimization can lead to a substantial reduction, and in some cases complete suppression, of group delay ripples. The elimination of these oscillations is a critical requirement for achieving high-fidelity signal transmission and minimizing distortion in optical communication links. The results show that the performance of phase masks and the resulting fiber gratings depends on the combined effects of structural and optical parameters. Optimizing these parameters together is essential to obtain high diffraction efficiency, good spectral quality, and stable grating inscription. The proposed approach provides practical design guidelines for developing high-performance grating-based components for next-generation optical communication systems.
VL  - 10
IS  - 1
ER  -

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