| Peer-Reviewed

Survival Rate of Oral Bacteria on Toothbrush and Miswak Stick

Received: 28 August 2016     Accepted: 10 September 2016     Published: 29 September 2016
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Introduction: Oral hygiene aids including toothbrushes if not rinsed in a proper disinfectant can affect oral bacterial translocation and re-infection of the oral cavity due contamination. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to investigate the survival rate of total oral bacteria on toothbrush and miswak. Material and methods: Totally, 12young individuals with age range 22-28 years and with 20 more remaining teeth in the oral cavity participated in this study. These individuals were asked to brush one side of their mouth with miswak stick and the other side with a nylon tooth brush (Orange toothbrush No: 106A China). 6 bristles from a tuft of each toothbrush and equivalent amount of fibers from each miswak stick were cut immediately after brushing for 2 min and serially diluted in anutrient broth. The bacterial suspension was inculcated in agar plates and incubated for overnight. The used toothbrushes and miswak sticks were stored in sterile containers at room temperature and the experiment was then repeated after 24 hours of storage. The survival rates of oral bacteria were then calculated by comparing the total bacterial counts at day one and 24 hours after storage. Results: Miswak sticks harbored an average of 845.6 total oral bacterial counts and 523.7 the toothbrush respectively at a day one. After 24 hours of storage, toothbrush harbors statistically significant p <0.05 more total bacterial counts as compared with miswak stick. Conclusion: The total oral bacterial survival rate on miswak was significantly reduced as compared with a toothbrush, thus the use of miswak after 24 hours can limits the risk for oral bacterial contamination and translocation. This is the first in vivo study which shows bacterial survival rate on miswak.

Published in American Journal of Health Research (Volume 4, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajhr.20160405.14
Page(s) 134-137
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bacterial Carriage, Miswak, Toothbrush, Survival Rate of Bacteria

References
[1] Loe H. Oral hygiene in the prevention of caries and periodontal disease. Int Dent J 2000; 50: 129-139.
[2] Mehta A, Sequeira PS, Bhat G. Bacterial contamination and decontamination of toothbrushes after use. N Y State Dent J. 2007; 73:20-2.
[3] Sogi SH, Subbareddy VV, Kiran SN.Contamination of toothbrush at different time intervals and effectiveness of various disinfecting solutions in reducing the contamination of toothbrush. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2002; 20:81-5.
[4] Ankola AV, Hebbal M, Eshwar S.How clean is the toothbrush that cleans your tooth?Int J Dent Hyg. 2009; 7:237-40.
[5] Bélanger-Giguère K, Giguère S, Bélanger M.Disinfection of toothbrushes contaminated with Streptococcus mutans. Am J Dent. 2011 Jun; 24:155-8.
[6] Sote EO. The relative effectiveness of chewing sticks and toothbrush on plaque removal. African Dent J 1987;1:48-53.
[7] Ismail A. Darout. Review on chemical and biologically active components of the toothbrush tree (salvadora persica) EJ PM R 2015,2(6): 12-17.
[8] Olsson B. Efficiency of traditional chewing sticks in oral hygiene programs among Ethiopian schoolchildren. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol1978; 6:105-109.
[9] Norton MR, Addy M. Chewing sticks versus toothbrushes in West Africa. A pilot study.ClinPrev Dent 1989; 11:11-13.
[10] Ashley P. Toothbrushing: why, when and how? Dent Update 2001; 28: 36-40.
[11] Meier S, Collier C, Scaletta MG, Stephen J, Kimbrough R, Kettering JD. An in vitro investigation of the efficacy of CPC for use in toothbrush decontamination. J Dent Hyg. 1996; 70.
[12] Neal PR, Rippin JW. The efficacy of a toothbrush disinfectant spray- an in vitro study.J Dent. 2003; 31: 153–157.
[13] Braz Dent J. 2003; 14(1): 58– 62. 26. Srinivusan M, Eapen BR, Bhas G, Kumar C. Efficacy of chlorhexidine as an oral antiseptic–An in vivo study of 20 patients. Middle East J Family Medicine. 2006; 3(5): 22–32. 27.
[14] Wetzel WE, Schaumburg C,Ansari F, Kroger T, Sziegoleit A. Microbial contamination of toothbrushes with different principles of filament anchoring. J Am Dent Assoc. 2005; 136(6): 758–765.
[15] Al lafi T, Ababneh H. The effect of the extract of the miswak (chewing sticks) used in Jordan and the Middle East on oral bacteria. Int Dent J 1995; 45:218-22.
[16] Almas K, al-Bagieh NH, Akpata ES. In vitro antibacterial effect of freshly cut and 1-month-old Miswak extracts. Biomed Letters 1997; 56:145-9.
[17] Darout IA, Skaug N. Salvadora persica as an external source for activation of the salivry peroxidase-thiocyanate and hydrogen peroxide system. Scand JImmunol 1997;45:566.
[18] Xu J, Xu X, Verstraete W. The antimicrobial effect and chemical reactions of acidified nitrite under conditions simulating the stomach. J Applied Microbiol 2001; 90:523-9.
[19] Tenovuo J, Mansson-Raheamtulla B, Pruitt KM, Arnold R. Inhibition of dental plaque acid production by the salivary lactoperoxidase antimicrobial system. Infect Immun 1981; 34:208-12.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Ismail Abbas Darout, Husham Elraih Homeida. (2016). Survival Rate of Oral Bacteria on Toothbrush and Miswak Stick. American Journal of Health Research, 4(5), 134-137. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20160405.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Ismail Abbas Darout; Husham Elraih Homeida. Survival Rate of Oral Bacteria on Toothbrush and Miswak Stick. Am. J. Health Res. 2016, 4(5), 134-137. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20160405.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Ismail Abbas Darout, Husham Elraih Homeida. Survival Rate of Oral Bacteria on Toothbrush and Miswak Stick. Am J Health Res. 2016;4(5):134-137. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20160405.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajhr.20160405.14,
      author = {Ismail Abbas Darout and Husham Elraih Homeida},
      title = {Survival Rate of Oral Bacteria on Toothbrush and Miswak Stick},
      journal = {American Journal of Health Research},
      volume = {4},
      number = {5},
      pages = {134-137},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajhr.20160405.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20160405.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajhr.20160405.14},
      abstract = {Introduction: Oral hygiene aids including toothbrushes if not rinsed in a proper disinfectant can affect oral bacterial translocation and re-infection of the oral cavity due contamination. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to investigate the survival rate of total oral bacteria on toothbrush and miswak. Material and methods: Totally, 12young individuals with age range 22-28 years and with 20 more remaining teeth in the oral cavity participated in this study. These individuals were asked to brush one side of their mouth with miswak stick and the other side with a nylon tooth brush (Orange toothbrush No: 106A China). 6 bristles from a tuft of each toothbrush and equivalent amount of fibers from each miswak stick were cut immediately after brushing for 2 min and serially diluted in anutrient broth. The bacterial suspension was inculcated in agar plates and incubated for overnight. The used toothbrushes and miswak sticks were stored in sterile containers at room temperature and the experiment was then repeated after 24 hours of storage. The survival rates of oral bacteria were then calculated by comparing the total bacterial counts at day one and 24 hours after storage. Results: Miswak sticks harbored an average of 845.6 total oral bacterial counts and 523.7 the toothbrush respectively at a day one. After 24 hours of storage, toothbrush harbors statistically significant p <0.05 more total bacterial counts as compared with miswak stick. Conclusion: The total oral bacterial survival rate on miswak was significantly reduced as compared with a toothbrush, thus the use of miswak after 24 hours can limits the risk for oral bacterial contamination and translocation. This is the first in vivo study which shows bacterial survival rate on miswak.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Survival Rate of Oral Bacteria on Toothbrush and Miswak Stick
    AU  - Ismail Abbas Darout
    AU  - Husham Elraih Homeida
    Y1  - 2016/09/29
    PY  - 2016
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20160405.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajhr.20160405.14
    T2  - American Journal of Health Research
    JF  - American Journal of Health Research
    JO  - American Journal of Health Research
    SP  - 134
    EP  - 137
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8796
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20160405.14
    AB  - Introduction: Oral hygiene aids including toothbrushes if not rinsed in a proper disinfectant can affect oral bacterial translocation and re-infection of the oral cavity due contamination. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to investigate the survival rate of total oral bacteria on toothbrush and miswak. Material and methods: Totally, 12young individuals with age range 22-28 years and with 20 more remaining teeth in the oral cavity participated in this study. These individuals were asked to brush one side of their mouth with miswak stick and the other side with a nylon tooth brush (Orange toothbrush No: 106A China). 6 bristles from a tuft of each toothbrush and equivalent amount of fibers from each miswak stick were cut immediately after brushing for 2 min and serially diluted in anutrient broth. The bacterial suspension was inculcated in agar plates and incubated for overnight. The used toothbrushes and miswak sticks were stored in sterile containers at room temperature and the experiment was then repeated after 24 hours of storage. The survival rates of oral bacteria were then calculated by comparing the total bacterial counts at day one and 24 hours after storage. Results: Miswak sticks harbored an average of 845.6 total oral bacterial counts and 523.7 the toothbrush respectively at a day one. After 24 hours of storage, toothbrush harbors statistically significant p <0.05 more total bacterial counts as compared with miswak stick. Conclusion: The total oral bacterial survival rate on miswak was significantly reduced as compared with a toothbrush, thus the use of miswak after 24 hours can limits the risk for oral bacterial contamination and translocation. This is the first in vivo study which shows bacterial survival rate on miswak.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

  • Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

  • Sections