| Peer-Reviewed

An Economic Evaluation Towards Sustainability: The Case of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Greece

Received: 18 November 2021     Accepted: 17 December 2021     Published: 11 March 2022
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

There is a global effort to integrate renewable energy sources (RES) into the energy balance, setting out to develop a more sustainable future. The dependence of RES on natural phenomena and their low reliability can be mitigated by hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES). In this paper, an evaluation of an under-study HRES in Leros, Greece, is carried out in order to examine the economic viability of the project and its contribution to sustainability. Two scenarios are being examined, according to the eligible grant. In the first case, the project receives a 40% State subsidy in contrast to the second, which receives a 60% funding from the Innovation Fund 2020 (IF). The main difference, between these two scenarios, is the size of the loan taken, whereas in the IF scenario it is 20% less than the first one. Several results can be obtained by this study, as follows: i) in both cases, the project is considered profitable for water and energy selling prices, 91.7% and 67% lower than the current ones respectively. ii) in the case of IF scenario, the same internal rate of return (IRR) index is achieved, with 0.15 €/m3 less compared to the price in the case of State subsidy.

Published in American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajere.20220701.15
Page(s) 37-47
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sustainability, Cost-benefit Analysis, HRES, Innovation Fund, Island

References
[1] Boulding, K., The economics of the coming spaceship Earth. Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, John Hopkins Press, 1966, pp. 3-14.
[2] Brown, L. R., Building a Sustainable Society, Worldwatch Institute, 1981.
[3] Perera, A. T. D., Attalage, R. A., Perera, K. K. C. K. and Dassanayake, V. P. C., Designing standalone hybrid energy systems minimizing initial investment, lifecycle cost and pollutant emission., Energy, 54, 2013, pp. 220–230.
[4] Ferreira, A., Pinheiro, M. D., de Brito, J. and Mateus, R., Decarbonizing strategies of the retail sector following the Paris Agreement. Energy Policy, 2019, 135.
[5] Salant, S. W., What ails the European Union's emissions trading system? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 80, 2016, pp. 6-19.
[6] Feng, Z. H., Zou, L. L. and Wei, Y. M., Carbon price volatility: Evidence from EU ETS. Applied Energy, 88 (3), 2011, pp. 590-598.
[7] Jäger-Waldau, A., Photovoltaics and renewable energies in Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11 (7), 2007, pp. 1414-1437.
[8] Swart, R. J., Coppens, C., Gordijn, H., Piek, M., Ruyssenaars, P., Schrander, J. J., de Smet, P., Hoogwijk, M., Papalexandrou, M., de Visser, E., Horalek, J., Kurfürst, P., Jensen, F. P., Petersen, B. S., Harfoot, M., Milego, R., Clausen, N. E. and Giebel, G., Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential: An assessment of environmental and economic constraints (No. 6/2009). European Environment Agency.
[9] Bessa, R., Moneira, C., Silva, B. and Matos, M., Handling renewable energy variability and uncertainty in power systems operation. WIREs Energy and Environment, 3 (2), 2013, pp. 156-178.
[10] Trigo, R., Xoplaki, E., Zorita, E., Luterbacher, J., Krichak, S. O., Alpert, P., Jacobeit, J., Sanez, J., Fernandez, J., Gonzalez-Rouco, F., Garcia-Herrera, R., Rodo, X., Brunetti, M., Nanni, T., Maugeri, M., Turke, M., Gimeno, L., Ribera, P., Brunet, M., Trigo, I. F., Crepo, M. and Mariotti, A., Chapter 3 Relations between variability in the Mediterranean region and mid-latitude variability. Developments in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 4, 2006, pp. 179-226.
[11] Manwell J F., 2004, Hybrid energy systems, Encyclopedia of Energy.
[12] Khare, V., Nem, S. and Baredar, P., Solarewind hybrid renewable energy system: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 58, 2016, pp. 23-33.
[13] B. Bhandari, K. T. Lee, G. Y. Lee, Y. M. Cho, S. H. Ahn, Optimization of hybrid renewable energy power systems: a review. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Green Technol. 2, 2015, pp. 99-112.
[14] Mekhilef, S., Faramarzi, S. Z., Saidur, R. and Salam, Z., The application of solar technologies for sustainable development of agricultural sector. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 2013, pp. 583–594.
[15] Meyar-Naimi, H. and Vaez-Zadeh, S., Sustainable development based energy policy making frameworks, a critical review. Energy Policy, 43, 2012, pp. 351-361.
[16] Haralambopoulos, D. A., Analysis of wind characteristics and potential in the East Mediterranean—the Lesvos case. Renewable Energy, 6 (4), 1995, pp. 445-454.
[17] Vogiatzis, N., Kotti, K., Spanomitsios, S. and Stoukides, M., Analysis of wind potential and characteristics in North Aegean, Greece. Renewable Energy, 29 (7), 2004, pp. 1193-1208.
[18] Lalas, D. P., Tselepidaki, H. and Theoharatos, G., An analysis of wind power potential in Greece. Solar Energy, 30 (6), 1983, pp. 497-505.
[19] Bergeles, G., Wind turbines. Symeon Publishing Co, Athens, 1991.
[20] Hatziargyriou, N., Papathanasiou, S., Vitellas, I., Makrinikas, S., Dimeas, A., Patsaka, T., Kaousias, K., Gigantidou, A., Korres, N. and Hatzoplaki, E., 2012, Energy Management in the Greek Islands. International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE) Session.
[21] Tsiourtis, N. X., Desalination and the Environment. Desalination, 141, 2001, pp. 223-236.
[22] Thiel, G. P., Tow, E. W., Banchik, L. D., Chung, H. W. and Lienhard J. H., Energy consumption in desalinating produced water from shale oil and gas extraction. Desalination, 366, 2015, pp. 94-112.
[23] Kershman, S. A., Rheinländerb, J. and Gabler, H., Seawater reverse osmosis powered from renewable energy sources-hybrid wind/photovoltaic/grid power supply for small-scale desalination in Libya. Desalination, 153 (1-3), 2003, pp. 17-23.
[24] Al-Karaghouli, A., Kazmerski, L. L., Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24, 2013, pp. 343-356.
[25] Sarris, D., Bertsiou, M. M. and Baltas, E., Evaluation of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) in Patmos Island. International Journal of Renewable Energy Sources, 4, 2019, pp. 40-47.
[26] Hargreaves, G. H. and Samani, Z. A., Estimating potential evapotranspiration. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 108, 1982, pp. 223-230.
[27] Frevert, D. K., Hill, R. W. and Braaten, B. C., Estimation of FAO Evapotranspiration Coefficients, 1983.
[28] Koutsoyiannis, D., 2020, Stochastics of Hydroclimatic Extremes.
[29] Mimikou M. A., Baltas E. A., and Tsihrintzis V. A., Hydrology and Water Resource Systems Analysis, CRC Press-Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, USA ISBN: 978-1-4665-8130-2, 2016.
[30] Negra, Ν. Β., Birgitte, Β. J., Sorensen, P., Model of a Synthetic Wind Speed Time Series Generator, 2007.
[31] G. Emmanouilidis and G. Karalis, Desalination plants in the arid islands of the Aegean, Technologies, institutional framework, use of RES and case studies: Patmos, Lipsi, Thirasia. Ios-Aegean Energy Office - Consultant of the islands in energy, 2001.
[32] Zhang, S., Andrews-Speed, P. and Perera, P., The evolving policy regime for pumped storage hydroelectricity in China: A key support for low-carbon energy. Applied Energy, 150, 2015, pp. 15-24.
[33] Innovation Fund. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/innovation-fund_en.
[34] Bertsiou, M., Feloni, E., Baltas, E., Cost-benefit analysis for a Hybrid renewable energy system in Fournoi Island. Energy and Environment, 2016.
[35] Khan, M. Y. (1999). Theory & Problems in Financial Management. Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education.
[36] Žižlavský, O., Net Present Value Approach: Method for Economic Assessment of Innovation Projects. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 2014, pp. 506-512.
[37] Emmanouilidis, G. and Karalis, G., Desalination plants in the arid islands of the Aegean, Technologies, institutional framework, use of RES and case studies: Patmos, Lipsi, Thirasia. Ios-Aegean Energy Office - Consultant of the islands in energy, 2001.
[38] Hartman, J. C. and Schafrick, I. C., The relevant internal rate of return. A Journal Devoted to the Problems of Capital Investment, 49 (2), 2010, pp. 139-158.
[39] Gailly, B., Developing innovative organizations: a roadmap to boost your innovation potential. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
[40] Waegenaere, A. and Wielhouwer, J. L., Dynamic tax depreciation strategies. OR Spectrum, 33, 2010, pp. 419-444.
[41] Yoshino, N., Taghizadeh–Hesary, F. and Nakahigashi, M., Modelling the social funding and spill-over tax for addressing the green energy financing gap. Economic Modelling, 77, 2019, pp. 34-41.
[42] Sachs, J. D., Thye, W. W., Yoshino, N. and Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Handbook of Green Finance: Energy Security and Sustainable Development. Springer, Singapore, 2019.
[43] Kerr, R. A. and Service, R. F., What can replace cheap oil—and when?, Science, 309, 2005, pp. 101.
[44] Schiermeier, Q., Tollefson, J., Scully, T., Witze, A., and Morton, O., Energy alternatives: Electricity without carbon. Nature, 454, 2008, pp. 816–823.
[45] Koutsoyiannis, D., Makropoulos, C., Langousis, A., Baki, S., Efstratiadis, A., Christofides, A., Karavokiros, G. and Mamassis, N., Climate, hydrology, energy, water: recognizing uncertainty and seeking sustainability. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 13, 2009, pp. 247-257.
[46] Salas, J. D. and Obeysekera, J. T. B., ARMA Model identification of hydrologic time series. Water Resources Research, 18 (4), 1982, pp. 1011-1021.
[47] Marin, G. and Vona, F., Climate policies and skill-biased employment dynamics: Evidence from EU countries. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 98, 2019, pp. 102253.
[48] Nicolaï, J. P., Emission reduction and profit-neutral permit allocations. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 93, 2019, pp. 239-253.
[49] Nesta, L., Vona, F. and Nicolli, F., Environmental policies, competition and innovation in renewable energy. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 67 (3), 2014, pp. 396-411.
[50] Zhang, B., Bi, J., Yuan, Z., Ge. J., Liu, B. and Bu, M., Why do firms engage in environmental management? An empirical study in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16 (10), 2008, pp. 1036-1045.
[51] Henriques, I. and Sadorsky, P., The Determinants of an Environmentally Responsive Firm: An Empirical Approach. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 30 (3), 1996, pp. 381-395.
[52] Dincer, I., Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4 (2), 2000, pp. 157-175.
[53] Reuter, W. H., Fuss, S., Szolgayová, J. and Obersteiner, M., Investment in wind power and pumped storage in a real options model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16 (4), 2012, pp. 2242-2248.
[54] Caralis, G. and Zervos, A., The role of pumped storage systems towards the large scale wind integration in the Greek power supply system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16 (5), 2012, pp. 2558-2565.
[55] Qian Li, Jorge Loy-Benitez, Ki Jeon Nam, Soonho Hwangbo, Jouan Rashidi, Chang Kyoo Yoo, Sustainable and reliable design of reverse osmosis desalination with hybrid renewable energy systems through supply chain forecasting using recurrent neural networks, Energy 179 (2019) 277-292.
[56] Meer A. M. Khan, S. Rehman, Fahad A. Al-Sulaiman, A hybrid renewable energy system as a potential energy source for water desalination using reverse osmosis: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 97 (2018) 456-477.
[57] FaustoA. Canales, Jakub K. Jurasz, Mohammed Guezgouz, Alexandre Beluco, Cost-reliability analysis of hybrid pumped-battery storage for solar and wind energy integration in an island community, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 44 (2021) 101062.
[58] Mohammed Guezgouz, Jakub Jurasz, Bennaissa Bekkouche, Tao Ma, Muhammad Shahzad Javed. Alexander Kies, Optimal hybrid pumped hydro-battery storage scheme for off-grid renewable energy systems, Energy Conversion and Management, 199 (2019) 112046.
[59] L. Barelli, G. Bidini, D. A. Ciupageanu, D. Pelosi, Integrating Hybrid Energy Storage System on a Wind Generator to enhance grid safety and stability: A Levelized Cost of Electricity analysis, Journal of Energy Storage, 34 (2021) 102050.
[60] Zachariah Iverson, Ajit Achuthan, Pier Marzocca, Daryush Aidun, Optimal design of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) using hydrogen storage technology for data center applications, Renewable Energy, 52 (2013) 79-87.
[61] Yi He, Su Guo, Jianxu Zhou, Jilei Ye, Jing Huang, Kun Zheng, Xinru Du, Multi-objective planning-operation co-optimization of renewable energy system with hybrid energy storages, Renewable Energy 184 (2022) 776-790.
[62] P. Rullo, L. Braccia, P. Luppi, D. Zumoffen, D. Feroldi, Integration of sizing and energy management based on economic predictive control for standalone hybrid renewable energy systems, Renewable Energy 140 (2019) 436-451.
[63] Shebaz A. Memon, DarshitS. Upadhyay, Rajesh N. Patel, Optimal configuration of solar and wind-based hybrid renewable energy system with and without energy storage including environmental and social criteria: A case study, Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 44, Part B, 103446.
[64] Md Mizanur, Mary Doyle Kent, Peter Kopacek, Techno-Economic Analysis of HRES in South-East of Ireland, IFAC Paper on Line 54-13 (2021) 454-459.
[65] Ramin Hosseinalizadeh, Hamed Shakouri G Mohsen Sadegh Amalnick, Peyman Taghipour, Economic sizing of a hybrid (PV–WT–FC) renewable energy system (HRES) for stand-alone usages by an optimization-simulation model: Case study of Iran, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 139-150.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Anastasios Lemonis, Sofia Skroufouta, Evangelos Baltas. (2022). An Economic Evaluation Towards Sustainability: The Case of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Greece. American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics, 7(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20220701.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Anastasios Lemonis; Sofia Skroufouta; Evangelos Baltas. An Economic Evaluation Towards Sustainability: The Case of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Greece. Am. J. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2022, 7(1), 37-47. doi: 10.11648/j.ajere.20220701.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Anastasios Lemonis, Sofia Skroufouta, Evangelos Baltas. An Economic Evaluation Towards Sustainability: The Case of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Greece. Am J Environ Resour Econ. 2022;7(1):37-47. doi: 10.11648/j.ajere.20220701.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajere.20220701.15,
      author = {Anastasios Lemonis and Sofia Skroufouta and Evangelos Baltas},
      title = {An Economic Evaluation Towards Sustainability: The Case of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Greece},
      journal = {American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics},
      volume = {7},
      number = {1},
      pages = {37-47},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajere.20220701.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20220701.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajere.20220701.15},
      abstract = {There is a global effort to integrate renewable energy sources (RES) into the energy balance, setting out to develop a more sustainable future. The dependence of RES on natural phenomena and their low reliability can be mitigated by hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES). In this paper, an evaluation of an under-study HRES in Leros, Greece, is carried out in order to examine the economic viability of the project and its contribution to sustainability. Two scenarios are being examined, according to the eligible grant. In the first case, the project receives a 40% State subsidy in contrast to the second, which receives a 60% funding from the Innovation Fund 2020 (IF). The main difference, between these two scenarios, is the size of the loan taken, whereas in the IF scenario it is 20% less than the first one. Several results can be obtained by this study, as follows: i) in both cases, the project is considered profitable for water and energy selling prices, 91.7% and 67% lower than the current ones respectively. ii) in the case of IF scenario, the same internal rate of return (IRR) index is achieved, with 0.15 €/m3 less compared to the price in the case of State subsidy.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - An Economic Evaluation Towards Sustainability: The Case of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Greece
    AU  - Anastasios Lemonis
    AU  - Sofia Skroufouta
    AU  - Evangelos Baltas
    Y1  - 2022/03/11
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20220701.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajere.20220701.15
    T2  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
    JF  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
    JO  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
    SP  - 37
    EP  - 47
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-787X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20220701.15
    AB  - There is a global effort to integrate renewable energy sources (RES) into the energy balance, setting out to develop a more sustainable future. The dependence of RES on natural phenomena and their low reliability can be mitigated by hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES). In this paper, an evaluation of an under-study HRES in Leros, Greece, is carried out in order to examine the economic viability of the project and its contribution to sustainability. Two scenarios are being examined, according to the eligible grant. In the first case, the project receives a 40% State subsidy in contrast to the second, which receives a 60% funding from the Innovation Fund 2020 (IF). The main difference, between these two scenarios, is the size of the loan taken, whereas in the IF scenario it is 20% less than the first one. Several results can be obtained by this study, as follows: i) in both cases, the project is considered profitable for water and energy selling prices, 91.7% and 67% lower than the current ones respectively. ii) in the case of IF scenario, the same internal rate of return (IRR) index is achieved, with 0.15 €/m3 less compared to the price in the case of State subsidy.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

  • Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

  • Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

  • Sections