Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar

Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa; Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro; Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo; Rodrigue Seth Ebonji; Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona; François Tchoumbougnang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

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Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar

Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa^*

, Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro

, Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo

, Rodrigue Seth Ebonji, Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona, François Tchoumbougnang

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 13, Issue 3)

Received: 22 May 2024 Accepted: 11 June 2024 Published: 4 July 2024

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Abstract

Access to safe drinking water and the wide spread of water-borne diseases are major challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Based on this, a water purification models has been developed which can use on a local scale. It consists of an intermittent biosand filter amended with oyster shell powders designed from local materials. The performance of the filter was evaluated through physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standardized methods on raw polluted well water with previously determined initial D0 characteristics. The effectiveness of the designed filter was assessed and a filtration operation was carried out over a monitoring period of 13 days (D13) prior to 7 days of acclimatization of the system. With a filtration rate of 0.75l/h-1, there is a very strong reduction in turbidity from 35.59NTU to 0 NTU and in BOD5 from 125mg/l to 2mg/l. More so, bacteriological analyses reveal a progressive and complete decrease from D0 to D13 of fecal coliforms from 9000 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml; total coliforms from 6,000 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml and fecal streptococci from 10,800 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml. Compared to the classic ceramic filter, no significant difference in the Duncan test is reported for the highlighted parameters. This filter presents potential among other water treatment methods at the local scale for reducing the risks of water-borne diseases and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in developing countries.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 13, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
Page(s)	69-83
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Intermittent Biosand Filter, Oyster Shell, Filter Cartridge, Madagascar, Water Purification, Sub-Saharan Africa

References

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Eboa, C. F. M., Ravelonandro, H. P., Ngo, S. B., Ebonji, R. S., Andrianaivoravelona, R. F., et al. (2024). Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 13(3), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

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Eboa, C. F. M.; Ravelonandro, H. P.; Ngo, S. B.; Ebonji, R. S.; Andrianaivoravelona, R. F., et al. Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2024, 13(3), 69-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

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Eboa CFM, Ravelonandro HP, Ngo SB, Ebonji RS, Andrianaivoravelona RF, et al. Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Am J Environ Prot. 2024;13(3):69-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12,
  author = {Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa and Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro and Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo and Rodrigue Seth Ebonji and Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona and François Tchoumbougnang},
  title = {Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {69-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20241303.12},
  abstract = {Access to safe drinking water and the wide spread of water-borne diseases are major challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Based on this, a water purification models has been developed which can use on a local scale. It consists of an intermittent biosand filter amended with oyster shell powders designed from local materials. The performance of the filter was evaluated through physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standardized methods on raw polluted well water with previously determined initial D0 characteristics. The effectiveness of the designed filter was assessed and a filtration operation was carried out over a monitoring period of 13 days (D13) prior to 7 days of acclimatization of the system. With a filtration rate of 0.75l/h-1, there is a very strong reduction in turbidity from 35.59NTU to 0 NTU and in BOD5 from 125mg/l to 2mg/l. More so, bacteriological analyses reveal a progressive and complete decrease from D0 to D13 of fecal coliforms from 9000 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml; total coliforms from 6,000 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml and fecal streptococci from 10,800 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml. Compared to the classic ceramic filter, no significant difference in the Duncan test is reported for the highlighted parameters. This filter presents potential among other water treatment methods at the local scale for reducing the risks of water-borne diseases and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in developing countries.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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T1  - Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar

AU  - Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa
AU  - Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro
AU  - Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo
AU  - Rodrigue Seth Ebonji
AU  - Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona
AU  - François Tchoumbougnang
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DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 69
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
AB  - Access to safe drinking water and the wide spread of water-borne diseases are major challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Based on this, a water purification models has been developed which can use on a local scale. It consists of an intermittent biosand filter amended with oyster shell powders designed from local materials. The performance of the filter was evaluated through physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standardized methods on raw polluted well water with previously determined initial D0 characteristics. The effectiveness of the designed filter was assessed and a filtration operation was carried out over a monitoring period of 13 days (D13) prior to 7 days of acclimatization of the system. With a filtration rate of 0.75l/h-1, there is a very strong reduction in turbidity from 35.59NTU to 0 NTU and in BOD5 from 125mg/l to 2mg/l. More so, bacteriological analyses reveal a progressive and complete decrease from D0 to D13 of fecal coliforms from 9000 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml; total coliforms from 6,000 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml and fecal streptococci from 10,800 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml. Compared to the classic ceramic filter, no significant difference in the Duncan test is reported for the highlighted parameters. This filter presents potential among other water treatment methods at the local scale for reducing the risks of water-borne diseases and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in developing countries.

VL  - 13
IS  - 3
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Author Information

Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa

Laboratory of Ecosystems and Fisheries Resources, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon; Research Unit in Process Engineering and Environmental Engineering, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

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http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4953-4471
Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon

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http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-0970
Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon

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http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1864-6128
Rodrigue Seth Ebonji

Laboratory of Ecosystems and Fisheries Resources, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon

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Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona

Research Unit in Process Engineering and Environmental Engineering, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

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François Tchoumbougnang

Research Unit in Process Engineering and Environmental Engineering, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

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Eboa, C. F. M., Ravelonandro, H. P., Ngo, S. B., Ebonji, R. S., Andrianaivoravelona, R. F., et al. (2024). Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 13(3), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

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Eboa, C. F. M.; Ravelonandro, H. P.; Ngo, S. B.; Ebonji, R. S.; Andrianaivoravelona, R. F., et al. Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2024, 13(3), 69-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

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Eboa CFM, Ravelonandro HP, Ngo SB, Ebonji RS, Andrianaivoravelona RF, et al. Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Am J Environ Prot. 2024;13(3):69-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12,
  author = {Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa and Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro and Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo and Rodrigue Seth Ebonji and Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona and François Tchoumbougnang},
  title = {Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {69-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20241303.12},
  abstract = {Access to safe drinking water and the wide spread of water-borne diseases are major challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Based on this, a water purification models has been developed which can use on a local scale. It consists of an intermittent biosand filter amended with oyster shell powders designed from local materials. The performance of the filter was evaluated through physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standardized methods on raw polluted well water with previously determined initial D0 characteristics. The effectiveness of the designed filter was assessed and a filtration operation was carried out over a monitoring period of 13 days (D13) prior to 7 days of acclimatization of the system. With a filtration rate of 0.75l/h-1, there is a very strong reduction in turbidity from 35.59NTU to 0 NTU and in BOD5 from 125mg/l to 2mg/l. More so, bacteriological analyses reveal a progressive and complete decrease from D0 to D13 of fecal coliforms from 9000 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml; total coliforms from 6,000 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml and fecal streptococci from 10,800 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml. Compared to the classic ceramic filter, no significant difference in the Duncan test is reported for the highlighted parameters. This filter presents potential among other water treatment methods at the local scale for reducing the risks of water-borne diseases and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in developing countries.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar

AU  - Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa
AU  - Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro
AU  - Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo
AU  - Rodrigue Seth Ebonji
AU  - Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona
AU  - François Tchoumbougnang
Y1  - 2024/07/04
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 69
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
AB  - Access to safe drinking water and the wide spread of water-borne diseases are major challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Based on this, a water purification models has been developed which can use on a local scale. It consists of an intermittent biosand filter amended with oyster shell powders designed from local materials. The performance of the filter was evaluated through physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standardized methods on raw polluted well water with previously determined initial D0 characteristics. The effectiveness of the designed filter was assessed and a filtration operation was carried out over a monitoring period of 13 days (D13) prior to 7 days of acclimatization of the system. With a filtration rate of 0.75l/h-1, there is a very strong reduction in turbidity from 35.59NTU to 0 NTU and in BOD5 from 125mg/l to 2mg/l. More so, bacteriological analyses reveal a progressive and complete decrease from D0 to D13 of fecal coliforms from 9000 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml; total coliforms from 6,000 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml and fecal streptococci from 10,800 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml. Compared to the classic ceramic filter, no significant difference in the Duncan test is reported for the highlighted parameters. This filter presents potential among other water treatment methods at the local scale for reducing the risks of water-borne diseases and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in developing countries.

VL  - 13
IS  - 3
ER  -

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