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Assessment of Technical and Economic Feasibility of Activated Charcoal Removal of Organic Matter from Different Streams of Grey Water Through Study of Adsorption Isotherms

Received: 6 May 2016     Accepted: 16 May 2016     Published: 30 May 2016
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Abstract

The feasibility of household level treatment of grey water with activated charcoal was performed using laboratory batch adsorption testing on locally available charcoal media. The study results indicated that the potential for removal of organic matter was significantly high for the high pH cloth wash water compared to the low pH kitchen wastewater which also contained non-adsorbed organics. The addition of ash considerably improved the removal and projected life length of adsorption media for kitchen wastewater treatment. The adsorption isotherms obtained were all modeled adequately using the Freundlich isotherm while the isotherm shapes display different types of adsorption for the different streams of grey water because of the heterogeneous nature of the adsorbates in grey water. The replacement life length of activated charcoal for single drum household level treatment ranged between 7 and 15 months. For family daily flow rates up to 400 lit/day, the replacement costs of a single drum charcoal per cubic meter of grey water treated were calculated to be below the current tariff levels for acquiring water in cities in Swaziland. A considerable part of the grey water pollutant can be removed through pretreatment by sorption alone such as by filtration through sand or other cheap media before adsorption. For complete household level treatment of grey water, a three-step treatment consisting of sand pre-filtration, activated charcoal adsorption and sand post-filtration are recommended.

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 5, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajep.20160503.13
Page(s) 56-64
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Grey Water Treatment, Activated Charcoal, Water Recycling, Wastewater Treatment, Adsorption Isotherm, Pollutant Removal

References
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[3] USACE: Us Army Corps of Engineers (2001) Adsorption design guide. Design Guide No. 1110-1-2.
[4] Nansubuga I, Meerburg F, Banadda, N, Rabaey K, Verstrete W (2015). A two stage decentralized system combining high rate activated sludge with alternating charcoal filters for treating small community sewage to reusable standards in agriculture. African journal of Biotechnology Vol (14) 7, pp. 593-603.
[5] Thomas CV, Walter J, Weber JR (1983) Sorption of hydrophobic compounds by sediments, soils and suspended solids - theory and background. Water Res. Vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 1433-1441.
[6] Nethaji S, Sivasamy A, Mandal, AB (2013) Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and mechanism for the adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes onto carbonaceous particles prepared from Juglans regia shell biomass. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10:231–242.
[7] Site AD (2001) Factors Affecting Sorption of Organic Compounds in Natural Sorbent Water Systems and Sorption Coefficients for Selected Pollutants: A Review. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 30, No. 1
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[9] El-Khaiary MI, Hameed BH (2008) Malachite green adsorption by rattan sawdust: Isotherm, kinetic and mechanism modeling. J Hazard Mater 159:574–579.
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[11] Brusseau ML, Larsen T and Christensen TH (1991) Rate-limited sorption and non-equilibrium transport of organic chemicals in low organic carbon aquifer materials. Water Resour. Res. 27, 1137.
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[14] Flagan J, Richard C. and Seinfeld John H (1988) Fundamentals of air pollution engineering. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey ISBN 0-13-332537-7, pp. 479-520.
[15] APHA (1999) Standard Methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater: Chemical Oxygen Demand, 5220, # (102). American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.
[16] Weber WJ. Jr (1972) Physicochemical processes for water quality control, Wiley-Interscience, New York. 640 pp.
[17] Klobucar JM, Pilat MJ (1992). Continuous flow thermal decomposition of VOC’s from activated carbon. Environmental progress 11(1): 11-17.
[18] Farrell J, Reinhard M (1994) Desorption of halogenated organics from model solids, sediments, and soil under unsaturated conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol 28 (1): 53–62.
[19] Haque R. and Coshow WR (1971) Adsorption of isocil and bromacil from aqueous solution onto some mineral surfaces. Environmental Science and Technology 197; 5(2): 139-141.
[20] Pignatello JJ (2000) The measurement and interpretation of sorption and desorption rates for organic compounds in soil media. Adv. Agron. 69: 1–73.
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    Ababu T. Tiruneh, Amos O. Fadiran, William N. Ndlela, Jonna Heikkilä. (2016). Assessment of Technical and Economic Feasibility of Activated Charcoal Removal of Organic Matter from Different Streams of Grey Water Through Study of Adsorption Isotherms. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 5(3), 56-64. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20160503.13

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    ACS Style

    Ababu T. Tiruneh; Amos O. Fadiran; William N. Ndlela; Jonna Heikkilä. Assessment of Technical and Economic Feasibility of Activated Charcoal Removal of Organic Matter from Different Streams of Grey Water Through Study of Adsorption Isotherms. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2016, 5(3), 56-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20160503.13

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    AMA Style

    Ababu T. Tiruneh, Amos O. Fadiran, William N. Ndlela, Jonna Heikkilä. Assessment of Technical and Economic Feasibility of Activated Charcoal Removal of Organic Matter from Different Streams of Grey Water Through Study of Adsorption Isotherms. Am J Environ Prot. 2016;5(3):56-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20160503.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajep.20160503.13,
      author = {Ababu T. Tiruneh and Amos O. Fadiran and William N. Ndlela and Jonna Heikkilä},
      title = {Assessment of Technical and Economic Feasibility of Activated Charcoal Removal of Organic Matter from Different Streams of Grey Water Through Study of Adsorption Isotherms},
      journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
      volume = {5},
      number = {3},
      pages = {56-64},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20160503.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20160503.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20160503.13},
      abstract = {The feasibility of household level treatment of grey water with activated charcoal was performed using laboratory batch adsorption testing on locally available charcoal media. The study results indicated that the potential for removal of organic matter was significantly high for the high pH cloth wash water compared to the low pH kitchen wastewater which also contained non-adsorbed organics. The addition of ash considerably improved the removal and projected life length of adsorption media for kitchen wastewater treatment. The adsorption isotherms obtained were all modeled adequately using the Freundlich isotherm while the isotherm shapes display different types of adsorption for the different streams of grey water because of the heterogeneous nature of the adsorbates in grey water. The replacement life length of activated charcoal for single drum household level treatment ranged between 7 and 15 months. For family daily flow rates up to 400 lit/day, the replacement costs of a single drum charcoal per cubic meter of grey water treated were calculated to be below the current tariff levels for acquiring water in cities in Swaziland. A considerable part of the grey water pollutant can be removed through pretreatment by sorption alone such as by filtration through sand or other cheap media before adsorption. For complete household level treatment of grey water, a three-step treatment consisting of sand pre-filtration, activated charcoal adsorption and sand post-filtration are recommended.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

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    T1  - Assessment of Technical and Economic Feasibility of Activated Charcoal Removal of Organic Matter from Different Streams of Grey Water Through Study of Adsorption Isotherms
    AU  - Ababu T. Tiruneh
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    AU  - William N. Ndlela
    AU  - Jonna Heikkilä
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20160503.13
    T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5699
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20160503.13
    AB  - The feasibility of household level treatment of grey water with activated charcoal was performed using laboratory batch adsorption testing on locally available charcoal media. The study results indicated that the potential for removal of organic matter was significantly high for the high pH cloth wash water compared to the low pH kitchen wastewater which also contained non-adsorbed organics. The addition of ash considerably improved the removal and projected life length of adsorption media for kitchen wastewater treatment. The adsorption isotherms obtained were all modeled adequately using the Freundlich isotherm while the isotherm shapes display different types of adsorption for the different streams of grey water because of the heterogeneous nature of the adsorbates in grey water. The replacement life length of activated charcoal for single drum household level treatment ranged between 7 and 15 months. For family daily flow rates up to 400 lit/day, the replacement costs of a single drum charcoal per cubic meter of grey water treated were calculated to be below the current tariff levels for acquiring water in cities in Swaziland. A considerable part of the grey water pollutant can be removed through pretreatment by sorption alone such as by filtration through sand or other cheap media before adsorption. For complete household level treatment of grey water, a three-step treatment consisting of sand pre-filtration, activated charcoal adsorption and sand post-filtration are recommended.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Swaziland, Mbabane, Swaziland

  • Department of Chemistry, University of Swaziland, Kwaluseni, Swaziland

  • Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Swaziland, Mbabane, Swaziland

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