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Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study

Received: 16 April 2015     Accepted: 29 April 2015     Published: 12 May 2015
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Abstract

The lakes of Kashmir are generally shallow and situated in flood plans of the river Jhelum. In most of the lakes, thermal stratification is uncommon, and stable stratification occurs only in deeper lakes such as Manabal and Mangla lakes having depth within the range 12-30 m. Anthropogenic contamination of lakes water is one of the concerns that have received attention at local, regional and global levels due to their toxicological impacts and importance in ecosystems. This preliminary study was designed to investigate the comparative physicochemical profile of the water of Mangla, Baghsar and Benjosa lakes of Kashmir. Twenty six parameters including alkalinity, salinity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu were recorded. Suitability of lakes water for irrigation was checked by using US Salinity diagram, permeability index (PI) and Wilcox diagram. Cluster analysis was carried out to investigate the similarity levels among the selected parameters. Piper’s diagram, sodium percentage and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) data served as information tool to understand the ecological status of the water of lakes. COD and BOD patterns in Mangla and Baghsar lakes indicated dual anoxic conditions of the water-rock soil interface and anthropogenic impact while Banjosa showed aerobic activity at the interface. Increasing rate of tourist traffic and greater habitational influence seems to be a major factor contributing towards raising trophic levels of these lakes.

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 4, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16
Page(s) 152-162
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Kashmir Lakes, Mangla, Baghsar, Banjosa, Physicochemical Study of Lakes

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  • APA Style

    Muhammad Aslam Mirza, Muhammad Aziz Choudhary, Muhammad Yar Khuhawar, Rafee Arain, Asima Naz, et al. (2015). Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(3), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16

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    ACS Style

    Muhammad Aslam Mirza; Muhammad Aziz Choudhary; Muhammad Yar Khuhawar; Rafee Arain; Asima Naz, et al. Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2015, 4(3), 152-162. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16

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    AMA Style

    Muhammad Aslam Mirza, Muhammad Aziz Choudhary, Muhammad Yar Khuhawar, Rafee Arain, Asima Naz, et al. Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study. Am J Environ Prot. 2015;4(3):152-162. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16,
      author = {Muhammad Aslam Mirza and Muhammad Aziz Choudhary and Muhammad Yar Khuhawar and Rafee Arain and Asima Naz and Kauser Yasmeen},
      title = {Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study},
      journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
      volume = {4},
      number = {3},
      pages = {152-162},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20150403.16},
      abstract = {The lakes of Kashmir are generally shallow and situated in flood plans of the river Jhelum. In most of the lakes, thermal stratification is uncommon, and stable stratification occurs only in deeper lakes such as Manabal and Mangla lakes having depth within the range 12-30 m. Anthropogenic contamination of lakes water is one of the concerns that have received attention at local, regional and global levels due to their toxicological impacts and importance in ecosystems. This preliminary study was designed to investigate the comparative physicochemical profile of the water of Mangla, Baghsar and Benjosa lakes of Kashmir. Twenty six parameters including alkalinity, salinity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu were recorded. Suitability of lakes water for irrigation was checked by using US Salinity diagram, permeability index (PI) and Wilcox diagram. Cluster analysis was carried out to investigate the similarity levels among the selected parameters. Piper’s diagram, sodium percentage and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) data served as information tool to understand the ecological status of the water of lakes. COD and BOD patterns in Mangla and Baghsar lakes indicated dual anoxic conditions of the water-rock soil interface and anthropogenic impact while Banjosa showed aerobic activity at the interface. Increasing rate of tourist traffic and greater habitational influence seems to be a major factor contributing towards raising trophic levels of these lakes.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Physicochemical Assay of Water of Kashmir Lakes: A Preliminary Comparative Study
    AU  - Muhammad Aslam Mirza
    AU  - Muhammad Aziz Choudhary
    AU  - Muhammad Yar Khuhawar
    AU  - Rafee Arain
    AU  - Asima Naz
    AU  - Kauser Yasmeen
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16
    T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    SP  - 152
    EP  - 162
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5699
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150403.16
    AB  - The lakes of Kashmir are generally shallow and situated in flood plans of the river Jhelum. In most of the lakes, thermal stratification is uncommon, and stable stratification occurs only in deeper lakes such as Manabal and Mangla lakes having depth within the range 12-30 m. Anthropogenic contamination of lakes water is one of the concerns that have received attention at local, regional and global levels due to their toxicological impacts and importance in ecosystems. This preliminary study was designed to investigate the comparative physicochemical profile of the water of Mangla, Baghsar and Benjosa lakes of Kashmir. Twenty six parameters including alkalinity, salinity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness (TH), chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu were recorded. Suitability of lakes water for irrigation was checked by using US Salinity diagram, permeability index (PI) and Wilcox diagram. Cluster analysis was carried out to investigate the similarity levels among the selected parameters. Piper’s diagram, sodium percentage and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) data served as information tool to understand the ecological status of the water of lakes. COD and BOD patterns in Mangla and Baghsar lakes indicated dual anoxic conditions of the water-rock soil interface and anthropogenic impact while Banjosa showed aerobic activity at the interface. Increasing rate of tourist traffic and greater habitational influence seems to be a major factor contributing towards raising trophic levels of these lakes.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur AJK, Pakistan

  • Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur AJK, Pakistan

  • Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan

  • Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan

  • Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur AJK, Pakistan

  • Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

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