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Setting Times of Portland Cement Blended with Locust Bean Pod and Eggshell Ashes

Received: 2 September 2020     Accepted: 18 September 2020     Published: 28 September 2020
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Abstract

This paper investigates the potentials of replacing cement with Locust beans pod ash (LBPA) and Eggshell ash (ESA) on the setting time properties of cement blends such as consistency and initial and final setting times. It also covers a comparative analysis on consistency and setting time results of the cement blends and control. The consistency and setting times of control and twenty-eight (28) cement blends were conducted via Vicat apparatus and Toniest machine respectively according to ASTM standards. The locust bean pod and eggshell powder were calcined at 850°C and 500°C for 1 hour respectively to obtain the LBPA and ESA. Results indicated a variation in the water consistencies of cement blended with either/both ashes at various LBPA/LBPA-ESA ratios as cement replacement was increased from 0-10 wt.%. The increase in the water consistencies could be attributed to the diminution of C3S in cement, the unburnt carbon present in the ashes coupled with the porous nature of LBPA and narrower particle size distributions of the cement blends. Whereas, the decrease in the water consistency could be linked with wider particle size distribution. The initial setting times of LBPA cement blends experienced a series of retardations and acceleration while the final setting time experienced a series of accelerations and elongations as the cement replacement was increased. On the other hand, as the cement replacement level was increased, the initial and final setting time of ESA cement blends experienced a retardation followed by accelerations and a series of accelerations and retardations respectively. Similarly, the replacement of ESA with LBPA at various cement replacement led to a variation in both setting times (series of accelerations and retardations) of cement blends. The retardation in the setting times could be linked to the diminution of clinker content or formation of magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2, the presence of unburnt carbon in ashes and narrower particle size distribution of the cement blends while the acceleration of the setting times are related to interaction between tricalcium aluminate and limestone to favor ettringite at the expense of monosulfate and a wider particle size distribution of the cement blends. Most of the setting time results for cement blends except 7.5 and 10 wt.% LBPA cement blends were higher than control and all the cement blends were found to fall within standards for various applications.

Published in American Journal of Chemical Engineering (Volume 8, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajche.20200805.11
Page(s) 103-111
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Locust Bean Pod Ash, Eggshell Ash, Consistency, Setting Time, Cement Blends

References
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[2] Dave, N., Misra, A. K., Srivastava, A. and Kaushik, S. K. (2016) Setting time and standard consistency of quaternary binders: The influence of cementitious material addition and mixing, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. 1-7.
[3] Snelson D., Wild S., O’Farrel, M. (2011). Setting times of portland cement – metakaolin-fly ash blends. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 17 (1), 55– 62.
[4] Aguwa, J. I., Alhaji, B., Jiya, A. and Kareem, D. H. (2016). Effectiveness of locust bean pod solution (LBPS) in the production of sandcrete blocks for buildings. Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, 13 (1), 13-16.
[5] Adama, A., and Jimoh, Y. (2012). Effect of locust bean pod ash on strength properties of weak soils. AU Journal of Technology, 16 (1), 21–35.
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[7] Olubajo, O. O, Isa, Y. M., Ayeni, S., Menta, S. and Nwuhu, W. (2020). A study on ordinary portland cement blended with rice husk ash and metakaolin Path of Science. 6 (1), 3001-3019. Available on website link: http://www.pos.org.
[8] Utsev, J. T. and Taku, J. K. (2012). Coconut shell ash as partial replacement of ordinary portland cement in concrete production, International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 1 (8), 86-89.
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[10] Olubajo, O. O., Abubakar, J. and Osha, O. A. (2020b). The effect of eggshell ash and locust bean pod ash on the compressive strength of ternary cement, Path of Science, 6 (3), 4001-4016. Available on website link: http://www.pos.org.
[11] Akpenpuun, T. D., Akinyemi, B. A., Olawale, O., Aladegboye, O. J., and Adesina, O. I. (2019). Physical, mechanical and microstructural characteristics of cement-locust bean pod ash mortar blend. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 23 (3), 377. doi: 10.4314/jasem.v23i3.1.
[12] Kumar, P., Vishwakarma, A., and Soni, K. (2016). Laboratory analysis of cement concrete prepared with egg shells ash. International Journal of Advanced Technology for Science & Engineering Research, 1 (6), 16–23.
[13] Balamurugan, M., and Santhosh, R. (2017). Influence of egg shell ash on the properties of cement. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 3 (4), 160–165.
[14] Mtallib, M., and Rabiu, A. (2009). Effects of eggshells ash (ESA) on the setting time of cement. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 28 (2), 29–38.
[15] BS 12 (1991). Specification for portland cement, British Standard Institution.
[16] NIS 444-1: 2003. Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common cements. Standards Organization of Nigeria.
[17] Indian Standard codes of practice for consistency test IS 4031 (1968), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[18] BS 4550-3-3.6 Methods of testing cement. Physical tests. Test for setting times.
[19] Indian Standard codes of practice for initial and final setting time of cement IS 4031 (1968), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[20] ASTM C618-12a (1999). Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, p5.
[21] Ikumapayi, C. M., (2016) Crystal and microstructure analysis of pozzolanic properties of bamboo leaf ash and locust beans pod ash blended cement concrete. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management JASEM, 20 (4), 943-952.
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[25] Venkateswara, R., Kontham, G., Venkata, R., and Chundupalli, S. (2011). Effect of potassium chloride (KCl) on ordinary portland cement (OPC) concrete. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 1 (2), 103–107.
[26] Bonavetti, V., Rahhal, V., and Irassar, E., (2001). Studies on the carboaluminate formation in limestone filler-blended cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 31 (6), 853–859. doi: 10.1016/s0008-8846(01)00491-4.
[27] Heikal, M., El-Didamony, H., and Morsy, M. S. (2000). Limestone-filled pozzolanic cement, Cement and Concrete Research, 30, 1827-183.
[28] Iorshagher, A. S., Ocholi, A., Hassan, U. (2019). Properties of concrete using limestone dust and locust bean pod ash. Master Progress Seminar. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
[29] Tangchirapat, W., Jaturapitakkul, C., and Chindaprasirt, P. (2009). Use of palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary cementitious material for producing high-strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 23 (7), 2641-2646.
[30] Cordeiro, G. C., Toledo, F., R. D., Tavares, L. M., and Fairbairn, E. M. R. (2012). Experimental characterization of binary and ternary blended-cement concretes containing ultrafine residual rice husk and sugar cane bagasse ashes. Construction and Building Materials, 29, 641-646.
[31] Detwiler, R. J. (1995). Effects on cement of high efficiency separators, Research and Development Bulletin RD110T, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois.
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  • APA Style

    Olubajo Olumide Olu, Osha Odey Ade, Abubakar Jibril. (2020). Setting Times of Portland Cement Blended with Locust Bean Pod and Eggshell Ashes. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 8(5), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200805.11

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    ACS Style

    Olubajo Olumide Olu; Osha Odey Ade; Abubakar Jibril. Setting Times of Portland Cement Blended with Locust Bean Pod and Eggshell Ashes. Am. J. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8(5), 103-111. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20200805.11

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    AMA Style

    Olubajo Olumide Olu, Osha Odey Ade, Abubakar Jibril. Setting Times of Portland Cement Blended with Locust Bean Pod and Eggshell Ashes. Am J Chem Eng. 2020;8(5):103-111. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20200805.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajche.20200805.11,
      author = {Olubajo Olumide Olu and Osha Odey Ade and Abubakar Jibril},
      title = {Setting Times of Portland Cement Blended with Locust Bean Pod and Eggshell Ashes},
      journal = {American Journal of Chemical Engineering},
      volume = {8},
      number = {5},
      pages = {103-111},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajche.20200805.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200805.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajche.20200805.11},
      abstract = {This paper investigates the potentials of replacing cement with Locust beans pod ash (LBPA) and Eggshell ash (ESA) on the setting time properties of cement blends such as consistency and initial and final setting times. It also covers a comparative analysis on consistency and setting time results of the cement blends and control. The consistency and setting times of control and twenty-eight (28) cement blends were conducted via Vicat apparatus and Toniest machine respectively according to ASTM standards. The locust bean pod and eggshell powder were calcined at 850°C and 500°C for 1 hour respectively to obtain the LBPA and ESA. Results indicated a variation in the water consistencies of cement blended with either/both ashes at various LBPA/LBPA-ESA ratios as cement replacement was increased from 0-10 wt.%. The increase in the water consistencies could be attributed to the diminution of C3S in cement, the unburnt carbon present in the ashes coupled with the porous nature of LBPA and narrower particle size distributions of the cement blends. Whereas, the decrease in the water consistency could be linked with wider particle size distribution. The initial setting times of LBPA cement blends experienced a series of retardations and acceleration while the final setting time experienced a series of accelerations and elongations as the cement replacement was increased. On the other hand, as the cement replacement level was increased, the initial and final setting time of ESA cement blends experienced a retardation followed by accelerations and a series of accelerations and retardations respectively. Similarly, the replacement of ESA with LBPA at various cement replacement led to a variation in both setting times (series of accelerations and retardations) of cement blends. The retardation in the setting times could be linked to the diminution of clinker content or formation of magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2, the presence of unburnt carbon in ashes and narrower particle size distribution of the cement blends while the acceleration of the setting times are related to interaction between tricalcium aluminate and limestone to favor ettringite at the expense of monosulfate and a wider particle size distribution of the cement blends. Most of the setting time results for cement blends except 7.5 and 10 wt.% LBPA cement blends were higher than control and all the cement blends were found to fall within standards for various applications.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Setting Times of Portland Cement Blended with Locust Bean Pod and Eggshell Ashes
    AU  - Olubajo Olumide Olu
    AU  - Osha Odey Ade
    AU  - Abubakar Jibril
    Y1  - 2020/09/28
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200805.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajche.20200805.11
    T2  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
    JF  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
    JO  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
    SP  - 103
    EP  - 111
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8613
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200805.11
    AB  - This paper investigates the potentials of replacing cement with Locust beans pod ash (LBPA) and Eggshell ash (ESA) on the setting time properties of cement blends such as consistency and initial and final setting times. It also covers a comparative analysis on consistency and setting time results of the cement blends and control. The consistency and setting times of control and twenty-eight (28) cement blends were conducted via Vicat apparatus and Toniest machine respectively according to ASTM standards. The locust bean pod and eggshell powder were calcined at 850°C and 500°C for 1 hour respectively to obtain the LBPA and ESA. Results indicated a variation in the water consistencies of cement blended with either/both ashes at various LBPA/LBPA-ESA ratios as cement replacement was increased from 0-10 wt.%. The increase in the water consistencies could be attributed to the diminution of C3S in cement, the unburnt carbon present in the ashes coupled with the porous nature of LBPA and narrower particle size distributions of the cement blends. Whereas, the decrease in the water consistency could be linked with wider particle size distribution. The initial setting times of LBPA cement blends experienced a series of retardations and acceleration while the final setting time experienced a series of accelerations and elongations as the cement replacement was increased. On the other hand, as the cement replacement level was increased, the initial and final setting time of ESA cement blends experienced a retardation followed by accelerations and a series of accelerations and retardations respectively. Similarly, the replacement of ESA with LBPA at various cement replacement led to a variation in both setting times (series of accelerations and retardations) of cement blends. The retardation in the setting times could be linked to the diminution of clinker content or formation of magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2, the presence of unburnt carbon in ashes and narrower particle size distribution of the cement blends while the acceleration of the setting times are related to interaction between tricalcium aluminate and limestone to favor ettringite at the expense of monosulfate and a wider particle size distribution of the cement blends. Most of the setting time results for cement blends except 7.5 and 10 wt.% LBPA cement blends were higher than control and all the cement blends were found to fall within standards for various applications.
    VL  - 8
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Calabar, Rivers, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

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