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Unified Approaches to Congruent Numbers via Geometry, Elliptic Curves and Arithmetic Progression of Squares

Received: 22 August 2025     Accepted: 23 September 2025     Published: 22 October 2025
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Abstract

We explore congruent numbers through a unified approach combining geometric constructions, elliptic curve theory, and arithmetic progressions of squares. Leveraging recent advances in modular forms and computational techniques, we construct infinite explicit families of congruent numbers parameterized by Pell-type equations and related Diophantine conditions. We complement this with a detailed statistical analysis of the residue classes, rank distributions, and root numbers associated with these families, providing empirical insights that deepen understanding of intricate conjectures in the arithmetic of elliptic curves.

Published in American Journal of Applied Mathematics (Volume 13, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajam.20251305.16
Page(s) 360-364
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Congruent Numbers, Elliptic Curves, Arithmetic Progressions, Pythagorean Triples, Rank, Parametric Families

References
[1] P. Fermat, Œuvres de Fermat, 1891.
[2] L. Euler, Elements of Algebra, 1770.
[3] B. Birch and H. P. Swinnerton-Dyer, “Notes on elliptic curves, I.” J. Reine Angew. Math. 212 (1963), 7-25.
[4] S. Zhang, “OnNon-CongruentNumbersWith 8a±1 Type Odd Prime Factors And Tame Kernels.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.11618 (2021).
[5] Y. Tian, “Congruent Numbers with Many Prime Factors.” PNAS, vol. 109, no. 52 (2012),
[6] P. Deshpande, A. Karnataki, P. Shingavekar, “Unveiling Arithmetic Statistics of Congruent Number Elliptic Curves via Data Science and Machine Learning.” arXiv preprint.
[7] J.-L. Lagrange, Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations, 1770.
[8] G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, 6th edition, 2008.
[9] F. Izadi, “Congruent numbers via the Pell equation and its analogous counterpart.” Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2015), 70-78.
[10] L. E. Dickson, History of the Theory of Number, Vol II.
[11] L. P. Fibonacci, Fibonacci’s de practica geometrie, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Springer, New York, 2008.
[12] R. Alter, T. B. Curtz and K. K. Kubota, “Remarks and Results on Congruent Numbers.” Proceedings of the 3rd Southeastern Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing (1972), 198-212.
[13] A. Epstein, F. Luca, M. Wójtowicz, “The negative Pell equation and Pythagorean triples.” Proc. Japan Acad., Vol. 76 (2000), 91-94.
[14] M. Waldschmidt, “L’équation dite Pell-Fermat x2 − dy2 = ±1.” Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu and CIMPA.
[15] R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 3rd edition, Springer, 2004.
[16] H. Cohn, Advanced Number Theory, Dover Publications, 1980.
[17] K. H. Rosen, Elementary Number Theory, 6th edition, Pearson, 2011.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Vincent, K. K. (2025). Unified Approaches to Congruent Numbers via Geometry, Elliptic Curves and Arithmetic Progression of Squares. American Journal of Applied Mathematics, 13(5), 360-364. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajam.20251305.16

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    ACS Style

    Vincent, K. K. Unified Approaches to Congruent Numbers via Geometry, Elliptic Curves and Arithmetic Progression of Squares. Am. J. Appl. Math. 2025, 13(5), 360-364. doi: 10.11648/j.ajam.20251305.16

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    AMA Style

    Vincent KK. Unified Approaches to Congruent Numbers via Geometry, Elliptic Curves and Arithmetic Progression of Squares. Am J Appl Math. 2025;13(5):360-364. doi: 10.11648/j.ajam.20251305.16

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajam.20251305.16,
      author = {Kouakou Kouassi Vincent},
      title = {Unified Approaches to Congruent Numbers via Geometry, Elliptic Curves and Arithmetic Progression of Squares
    },
      journal = {American Journal of Applied Mathematics},
      volume = {13},
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      pages = {360-364},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajam.20251305.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajam.20251305.16},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajam.20251305.16},
      abstract = {We explore congruent numbers through a unified approach combining geometric constructions, elliptic curve theory, and arithmetic progressions of squares. Leveraging recent advances in modular forms and computational techniques, we construct infinite explicit families of congruent numbers parameterized by Pell-type equations and related Diophantine conditions. We complement this with a detailed statistical analysis of the residue classes, rank distributions, and root numbers associated with these families, providing empirical insights that deepen understanding of intricate conjectures in the arithmetic of elliptic curves.
    },
     year = {2025}
    }
    

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    AB  - We explore congruent numbers through a unified approach combining geometric constructions, elliptic curve theory, and arithmetic progressions of squares. Leveraging recent advances in modular forms and computational techniques, we construct infinite explicit families of congruent numbers parameterized by Pell-type equations and related Diophantine conditions. We complement this with a detailed statistical analysis of the residue classes, rank distributions, and root numbers associated with these families, providing empirical insights that deepen understanding of intricate conjectures in the arithmetic of elliptic curves.
    
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Author Information
  • Applied Fundamental Sciences Department, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

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