The target of this study is to promote Long Coriander production; the most widely recognized leafy vegetable in Southeast Asia and Cambodia. As a substitute for regular coriander, it is valued for its taste and health benefits. The market price for Long Coriander seeds typically goes up and down depending on the season, similar to other fluctuations observed in other agricultural products. In an effort to fulfill the study's expectations, researchers intend to identify the key factors affecting the profitability of Long Coriander production for smallholders in Battambang, Cambodia. Using multi-regression models, the analysis will determine the statistical significance of specific cost categories and their influence on incomes from both single and annual harvests of Long Coriander. Two regression analyses will be applied: ordinary least squares (OLS) and stepwise regression. Understanding the factors influencing Long Coriander harvest income is crucial for developing targeted strategies to improve the livelihoods of rural producers. With the knowledge gained from this study, smallholders will be able to make strategies that will maximize profitability and maintain the long-term sustainability of Long Coriander production within the context of agriculture. Additionally, the study also defines variables that can be controlled by producers, besides the variables that have a significant effect by chance.
Published in | American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 12, Issue 4) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.ajaf.20241204.18 |
Page(s) | 307-316 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Multi-Regression Modeling, Harvest Income, Smallholder, Long Coriander Production, Chi Rona, Agriculture, Cambodia
Variable | Definition | Obs. | Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
*1000 Riels | Dollars | |||
material_1 | Plant Veil Cover | 50 | 3,135.5 | 762.99 |
material_2 | Plant Stake | 50 | 952.9 | 231.88 |
material_3 | Bamboo Plant Stake | 50 | 206.8 | 50.32 |
material_4 | Irrigation Supply Pipe | 50 | 1,577.3 | 383.82 |
material_5 | Rope | 50 | 94.2 | 22.93 |
material_6 | Nail | 50 | 8.1 | 1.98 |
material_8 | Biocide (Herbicide) | 50 | 156.9 | 38.18 |
material_9 | Chemical Fertilizer | 50 | 235.2 | 57.24 |
material_10 | Water Pump Motor/Engine | 50 | 556.7 | 135.47 |
labor_1 | Labor of Excavation | 50 | 74.8 | 18.20 |
labor_2 | Labor of Plowing | 50 | 168.5 | 41.01 |
labor_3 | Labor of Harvesting | 50 | 946.6 | 230.35 |
Exp_1 | Energy Resource | 50 | 78.6 | 19.12 |
Variable | Definition | Obs. | Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
*1000 Riels | Dollars | |||
material_7 | Cost of Seed | 50 | 598 | 145.56 |
material_Other Cost | Cost of Other Materials | 50 | 5,975 | 1,454.31 |
material_cheFerti | Cost of Chemical Fertilizer & Biocide (Herbicide) | 50 | 392 | 95.44 |
material_energyEngin | Cost of Energy Resource & Water Pump/Engine | 50 | 635 | 154.63 |
Exp_2 | Cost of Transportation | 50 | 4.95 | 1.20 |
Labor_total | Total Cost of Labors | 50 | 1,190 | 289.64 |
Income_1stHarvest | Income from a Single Harvest | 50 | 3,958 | 963.40 |
Income_Year Harvest | Total Annual Income | 50 | 21,900 | 5,330.58 |
cul_Seed | Seed Rate Per Rai (Kg) | 50 | 3.96 | |
Y_price | Price Per Riel (Kg) | 50 | 3,422 | |
total_land | Total of Land (Rai) | 50 | 7.14 | |
cul_area | Cultivate Land (Rai) | 50 | 1.24 | |
Y_N_plantYear | Number of Plants Per Year | 50 | 2.66 | |
Y_Harvest_year | Number of Harvests Per Year | 50 | 5.46 | |
Y_harvest | Harvest Yield Per Rai (Kg) | 50 | 1,146 |
Variable | Group | Average of Single Harvest Income | Average of Annual Harvest Income | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obs. | *1000 Riels | Dollars | SD | Obs. | *1000 Riels | Dollars | SD | ||
total_land | > 7.14 | 11 | 3733 | 933 | 1771 | 11 | 21128 | 5282 | 11025 |
≤ 7.14 | 39 | 4022 | 1005 | 1380 | 39 | 22109 | 5527 | 9236 | |
cul_Seed | > 3.96 | 27 | 3850 | 963 | 1607 | 27 | 22278 | 5570 | 10575 |
≤ 3.96 | 23 | 4084 | 1021 | 1290 | 23 | 21442 | 5360 | 8391 | |
cul_area | > 1.24 | 13 | 4026 | 1006 | 1382 | 13 | 23885 | 5971 | 8575 |
≤ 1.24 | 37 | 3934 | 984 | 1504 | 37 | 21194 | 5298 | 9879 | |
Y_N_plantYear | > 2.66 | 25 | 3722 | 930 | 1153 | 25 | 20252 | 5063 | 7529 |
≤ 2.66 | 25 | 4194 | 1049 | 1705 | 25 | 23534 | 5884 | 11125 | |
Y_Harvest_year | > 5.46 | 28 | 4384 | 1096 | 1582 | 28 | 26761 | 6690 | 9585 |
≤ 5.46 | 22 | 3415 | 854 | 1098 | 22 | 26761 | 6690 | 9585 | |
Y_price | > 3422 | 41 | 4284 | 1071 | 1381 | 41 | 24029 | 6007 | 9156 |
≤ 3422 | 9 | 2475 | 619 | 704 | 9 | 12163 | 3041 | 3024 | |
Y_harvest | > 1146 | 20 | 5253 | 1313 | 1329 | 20 | 28938 | 7234 | 10309 |
≤ 1146 | 30 | 3095 | 774 | 720 | 30 | 17197 | 4299 | 5226 |
Province | District | Commune | Village | Household Population | Purposive sample selection in Non-Random Sampling | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size | % of Sample size | |||||
Battambang | Thma Koul | Ta Meun | Samraong | 245 | 11 | 22 |
Ta Sei | 694 | 8 | 16 | |||
Ang Cheung | 412 | 6 | 12 | |||
Krasang | 352 | 10 | 20 | |||
Ta Pung | Tumpung Tboung | 448 | 6 | 12 | ||
Ang Tboung | 441 | 9 | 18 | |||
01 Province | 01 District | 02 Communes | 06 Villages | 2592 | 50 | 100 |
Variable | Definition | OLS Model | Stepwise Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | T-value | P>T | Coefficient | T-value | P>T | ||
lnm7 | Logarithm of Seed | 7.16E-08 | 0.440 | 0.663 | - | - | - |
lnm_othercost | Logarithm Total Cost of Other Materials | -3.32E-08 | -0.350 | 0.726 | - | - | - |
lnm_cheFerti | Logarithm Cost of Chemical Fertilizer & Biocide | -1.83E-07 | -1.620 | 0.114 | 0.000 | -2.650 | 0.011** |
lnm_energyEng | Logarithm Cost of Energy Resource & Water Pump/Engine | 3.17E-08 | 0.290 | 0.770 | - | - | - |
lnTota_land | Logarithm of Total of Land (Rai) | 1.45E-07 | 2.040 | 0.048** | 0.000 | 2.370 | 0.022** |
lnCul_seed | Logarithm of Seed Rate Per Rai (Kg) | -4.25E-08 | -0.170 | 0.864 | - | - | - |
lnCul_area | Logarithm of Cultivate Land (Rai) | -2.14E-07 | -1.170 | 0.248 | - | - | - |
lnY_Price | Logarithm of Price Per Riel (Kg) | 1.000001 | 2.60E+06 | 0.000*** | 1.000 | 3100000 | 0.000*** |
lnY_NplanYear | Logarithm of Number of Plants Per Year | 5.91E-08 | 0.240 | 0.809 | - | - | - |
lnTranspo | Logarithm of Transportation Cost | -5.88E-08 | -0.430 | 0.668 | - | - | - |
lnY_havesYear | Logarithm Number of Harvests Per Year | 3.28E-07 | 0.780 | 0.438 | - | - | - |
lnY_havest | Logarithm Harvest Yield Per Rai (Kg) | 0.9999999 | 4.60E+06 | 0.000*** | 1.000 | 5500000 | 0.000*** |
lnLabor_total | Logarithm of Total Cost of Labor | 4.87E-08 | 0.400 | 0.694 | - | - | - |
_cons | Constants | -5.96E-06 | -1.440 | 0.159 | - | - | - |
No.of obs | Number of Observations | 50.0 | 50.0 | ||||
R2 | R-squared | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Adj R2 | Adj R-squared | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Variable | Definition | OLS Model | Stepwise Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | T-value | P>T | Coefficient | T-value | P>T | ||
lnm7 | Logarithm of Seed | 2.95E-07 | 1.250 | 0.221 | - | - | - |
lnm_othercost | Logarithm Cost of Other Materials (1-6) | 1.41E-07 | 1.030 | 0.311 | - | - | - |
lnm_cheFerti | Logarithm Cost of Chemical Fertilizer & Biocide | 0.000 | 1.760 | 0.086* | 0.00000028 | 1.920 | 0.062* |
lnm_energyEng | Logarithm Cost of Energy Resource & Water Pump/Engine | 3.58E-07 | 2.290 | 0.028** | 0.00000028 | 2.130 | 0.039** |
lnTota_land | Logarithm of Total of Land (Rai) | 5.55E-08 | 0.540 | 0.593 | - | - | - |
lnCul_seed | Logarithm of Seed Rate Per Rai (Kg) | -7.38E-07 | -2.050 | 0.048* | - | - | - |
lnCul_area | Logarithm of Cultivate Land (Rai) | -8.03E-07 | -3.020 | 0.005*** | -6.31E-07 | -3.030 | 0.004*** |
lnY_Price | Logarithm of Price Per Riel (Kg) | 1.000 | 1800000 | 0.000*** | 1.000000 | 1900000.0 | 0.000*** |
lnY_NplanYear | Logarithm of Number of Plants Per Year | -1.27E-07 | -0.360 | 0.721 | - | - | - |
lnY_havesYear | Logarithm Number of Harvests Per Year | 1.000001 | 1600000 | 0.000*** | 1.000001 | 1700000.0 | 0.000*** |
lnY_havest | Logarithm Harvest Yield Per Rai (Kg) | 1.000 | 3200000 | 0.000 | 1.000000 | 3500000.0 | 0.000 |
lnTranspo | Logarithm of Transportation Cost | 1.44E-07 | 0.720 | 0.474 | - | - | - |
lnLabor_total | Logarithm of Total Cost of Labor | -1.9E-07 | -1.060 | 0.295 | - | - | - |
_cons | Constants | -0.0000137 | -2.260 | 0.030 | -0.00000972 | -1.910 | 0.063 |
No.of obs | Number of Observations | 50.0 | 50.0 | ||||
R2 | R-squared | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Adj R2 | Adj R-squared | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Approx. | Approximately |
Kg | Kilogram |
OLS | Ordinary Least Squares |
Rai | A Unit of Measurement of Land Area in Cambodia, Equal to 1,600 Square Meters (Approximately 0.40 Acres) |
Riels (KHR) | The Official Currency of Cambodia |
USD (US Dollar) | The Currency of the United States |
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APA Style
Darith, S., Eav, L. K. (2024). Multi-Regression Modeling of Harvest Income in Smallholder Long Coriander Production: Insights from Battambang, Cambodia. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 12(4), 307-316. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20241204.18
ACS Style
Darith, S.; Eav, L. K. Multi-Regression Modeling of Harvest Income in Smallholder Long Coriander Production: Insights from Battambang, Cambodia. Am. J. Agric. For. 2024, 12(4), 307-316. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20241204.18
@article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20241204.18, author = {Siek Darith and Lim Kim Eav}, title = {Multi-Regression Modeling of Harvest Income in Smallholder Long Coriander Production: Insights from Battambang, Cambodia }, journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {307-316}, doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20241204.18}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20241204.18}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20241204.18}, abstract = {The target of this study is to promote Long Coriander production; the most widely recognized leafy vegetable in Southeast Asia and Cambodia. As a substitute for regular coriander, it is valued for its taste and health benefits. The market price for Long Coriander seeds typically goes up and down depending on the season, similar to other fluctuations observed in other agricultural products. In an effort to fulfill the study's expectations, researchers intend to identify the key factors affecting the profitability of Long Coriander production for smallholders in Battambang, Cambodia. Using multi-regression models, the analysis will determine the statistical significance of specific cost categories and their influence on incomes from both single and annual harvests of Long Coriander. Two regression analyses will be applied: ordinary least squares (OLS) and stepwise regression. Understanding the factors influencing Long Coriander harvest income is crucial for developing targeted strategies to improve the livelihoods of rural producers. With the knowledge gained from this study, smallholders will be able to make strategies that will maximize profitability and maintain the long-term sustainability of Long Coriander production within the context of agriculture. Additionally, the study also defines variables that can be controlled by producers, besides the variables that have a significant effect by chance. }, year = {2024} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Multi-Regression Modeling of Harvest Income in Smallholder Long Coriander Production: Insights from Battambang, Cambodia AU - Siek Darith AU - Lim Kim Eav Y1 - 2024/08/30 PY - 2024 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20241204.18 DO - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20241204.18 T2 - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry JF - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry JO - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry SP - 307 EP - 316 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-8591 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20241204.18 AB - The target of this study is to promote Long Coriander production; the most widely recognized leafy vegetable in Southeast Asia and Cambodia. As a substitute for regular coriander, it is valued for its taste and health benefits. The market price for Long Coriander seeds typically goes up and down depending on the season, similar to other fluctuations observed in other agricultural products. In an effort to fulfill the study's expectations, researchers intend to identify the key factors affecting the profitability of Long Coriander production for smallholders in Battambang, Cambodia. Using multi-regression models, the analysis will determine the statistical significance of specific cost categories and their influence on incomes from both single and annual harvests of Long Coriander. Two regression analyses will be applied: ordinary least squares (OLS) and stepwise regression. Understanding the factors influencing Long Coriander harvest income is crucial for developing targeted strategies to improve the livelihoods of rural producers. With the knowledge gained from this study, smallholders will be able to make strategies that will maximize profitability and maintain the long-term sustainability of Long Coriander production within the context of agriculture. Additionally, the study also defines variables that can be controlled by producers, besides the variables that have a significant effect by chance. VL - 12 IS - 4 ER -