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Study of Esterification Between the Used Tire and Citric Acid Molecules

Received: 10 September 2022     Accepted: 26 September 2022     Published: 11 October 2022
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Abstract

The recovery and recycling of all used tires is a constant challenge in a century where respect for the environment is becoming increasingly important and a key success factor. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified citric acid as “Generally Recognized as Safe – GRAS”, in consequence its use as raw material is beneficial for all and allowed to the study of its esterification with used tread tires. The tread tire samples utilized during all experimentations have 1.062wt.% of sulfur and they were characterized by titrations based on Boëhm titration such as its acid sites densities determined with NaOH-0.05N was 2.0421E-03 moles×g-1 and its basic sites densities determined by HCl-0.1N was 2.5984E-03 moles×g-1. Thus, the esterification with citric acid at 141°C under atmospheric pressure using a closed reflux assembly of the tire’s tread part was carried out such as the quantities of citric acid were in excess in comparison to the tire’s total sites quantities. A model molecule representative of the connections of the most important atoms in the tire was proposed and permitted to show the possible reactions-mechanisms occurring between the tire’s acid and basic sites and the citric acid molecules during their esterification together catalyzed by the protonic acid-H+ of the citric acid. It was demonstrated that the esterification between citric acid and tire’s acid/basic sites occurred efficiency whether on surface, whether in tire’s porous with a very important initial conversion of the sites until 90% only after 20mn. The calculated global observed speed constant of the esterification between citric acid and tire’s acid/basic sites is equal to 2.33L3×mol-3×h-1. It was noticed that during this esterification the citric acid esterified with the tire’s acid/basic sites was dehydrated and explained the formation of alkenes organic function which quantities increased even after 2 hours. Thereafter, these tire’s citric acid alkenes will form the first new sites and their addition reactions with citric acid molecules or dehydrated citric acid molecules gave citric acid polymers and/or poly-aromatics molecules which constituted the second new sites; their densities after 2 hours reactions were respectively 9.18E-04 moles×g-1 and 7.65E-04 moles×g-1. After 2 hours of reaction, a soft dark materials with precipitates dark grains were recovered.

Published in American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.15
Page(s) 148-155
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Used Tire, Citric Acid, Esterification, Acid Sites, Basic Sites

References
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[13] Ernestine Ravomialisoa - "Valorisation De Piments (Capscicum frutescens Et Capsicum chinense) En Produit Epice Booster D’energie (Pebe-Speb) Et Elaboration D'un Business Plan – Elaboration De Procedures D'extraction Par Esterification A L'acide Citrique, D'identification Des Molecules Actives Et De Synthese De Gels Et De Cristaux Sels De Calcium Des Esters - Application Au Capscicum chinense.[Valorization of Peppers (Capscicum frutescens and Capsicum chinense) into Energy Boosting Spice Products (Pebe-Speb) and Business Plan Development - Development of Citric Acid Esterification Extraction Procedures, Identification of Active Molecules and Synthesis of Gels and Calcium Salts Esters - Application to Capscicum chinense] Mémoire de fin d’étude en vue de l’obtention du diplôme d’Ingénieur en Génie Chimique. E. S. P. A. Université d’Antananarivo. Promotion 2021.
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[16] Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara, Nicole Rabemananjara, Nambinina Richard Randriana «Black Citric Acid Polymer (PN) Pozzolana Activated- Na-PN-Pozzolana-CE Material Synthesis Tested As Cationic Exchanger» American Journal of Applied Chemistry; Volume7, issue 6, December 2019, Pages: 145-160.
[17] Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara, Marie Nicole Rabemananjara, Nambinina Richard Randriana, Haritiana Jeannelle Rakotonirina, Edouard Andrianarison, André Razafimandefitra, Baholy Robijaona - Auto-Inflammation Test of Black Citric Acid Polymer (PN) and Fuel Oil (FO) Mixes - Coke Formation - American Journal of Applied Chemistry in Vol. 5, Issue Number 3, June 2017.
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[22] Seghar S (2015), Dévulcanisation des caouchoucs par micro-onde: influence des liquides ioniques, Doctoral dissertation, université Mouloud Mammeri.
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[30] M. Laffitte, F. Rouquerol - La réaction chimique Tome 1. Aspects structuraux et thermodynamiques, 1991, Eds. Masson.
[31] Paul Arnaud – Cours de chimie physique, Eds. Dunod – 1990.
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[34] Rabeharitsara Andry Tahina, Sedraniaina Domoina Marie Esperance, Randriamanantena Ny Idealy Elite, Mampitefa Raïssa Faneva, Randriana Nambinina Richard: “Esterification Between Citric Acid and Callistemon citrinus, Rice-Husk, Garcinia dulcis Catalysed by Citric Acid’s-H+- Monomers and Polymers Formation Mechanism”, American Journal of Applied Chemistry - Volume 8, Issue 2, April 2020, Pages: 31-54 - Chemical Process Engineering Department (E. S. P. A), Antananarivo University, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
[35] Randriamanantena Ny Idealy Elite – «Esterification Entre Les Molecules D’acide Citrique Et Les Molecules Organiques Du Fruit Entier Et De La Chair Du Garcinia Dulcis - Valorisation Des Esters En Note De Parfum, En Additif De Creme Cosmetique Et En Preparation De Jus Naturel» - [Esterification Between Citric Acid Molecules And Organic Molecules Of The Whole Fruit And Flesh Of Garcinia Dulcis - Valorization Of The Esters In Fragrance Note, Cosmetic Cream Additive And Natural Juice Preparation] - Mémoire de fin d’étude en vue de l’obtention du diplôme de licence en génie des procédés chimiques et industriels. Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique Antananarivo (E. S. P. A) – Université d’Antananarivo promotion 2019 – Soutenue le 18 Décembre 2020.
[36] Michel Guisnet, Sebastien Laforge, Dominique Couton – «Cinétique chimique – Réactions et réacteurs chimiques» Cours et exercices corrigés p. 125 – TECHNOSUP – Les filières technologiques des enseignements supérieurs – Edition Ellipses-2007.
[37] Phandry Nomena Ndjiva Rabearimihaja, Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara – “Betacarotenes Dosage by Hydrofluoric Acid Solution and Validation of This New Process by SPC”. American Journal of Applied Chemistry. Vol. 4, No. 3, 2016, pp. 91-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20160403.14.
[38] Rabearimihaja Phandry Taryh Nomena Ndjiva - «Valorisation Du Betacarotene Extrait De L’huile De Palme Brute Par De L’acide Acetique Pour La Determination Des Teneurs En Eau De Produits Petroliers (Gazole /Fuel-Oil) Et Dosage Des Teneurs En Betacarotene Par De L’acide Fluorhydrique» - [Valorization of Betacarotene Extracted from Crude Palm Oil by Acetic Acid for the Determination of Water Content of Petroleum Products (Diesel/Fuel Oil) and Determination of Betacarotene Content by Hydrofluoric Acid].- Mémoire de fin d’Etudes en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Master Titre Ingénieur en Génie des Procédés chimiques et Industriels - Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique Antananarivo. Université d’Antananarivo – Promotion 2015.
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    Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara, Havosoa Andriamanantsoa, Nambinina Richard Randriana, Baholy Robijaona, Hanitra Marie Ratsimba. (2022). Study of Esterification Between the Used Tire and Citric Acid Molecules. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 10(5), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.15

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    Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara; Havosoa Andriamanantsoa; Nambinina Richard Randriana; Baholy Robijaona; Hanitra Marie Ratsimba. Study of Esterification Between the Used Tire and Citric Acid Molecules. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2022, 10(5), 148-155. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.15

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    AMA Style

    Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara, Havosoa Andriamanantsoa, Nambinina Richard Randriana, Baholy Robijaona, Hanitra Marie Ratsimba. Study of Esterification Between the Used Tire and Citric Acid Molecules. Am J Appl Chem. 2022;10(5):148-155. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.15

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.15,
      author = {Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara and Havosoa Andriamanantsoa and Nambinina Richard Randriana and Baholy Robijaona and Hanitra Marie Ratsimba},
      title = {Study of Esterification Between the Used Tire and Citric Acid Molecules},
      journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
      volume = {10},
      number = {5},
      pages = {148-155},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20221005.15},
      abstract = {The recovery and recycling of all used tires is a constant challenge in a century where respect for the environment is becoming increasingly important and a key success factor. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified citric acid as “Generally Recognized as Safe – GRAS”, in consequence its use as raw material is beneficial for all and allowed to the study of its esterification with used tread tires. The tread tire samples utilized during all experimentations have 1.062wt.% of sulfur and they were characterized by titrations based on Boëhm titration such as its acid sites densities determined with NaOH-0.05N was 2.0421E-03 moles×g-1 and its basic sites densities determined by HCl-0.1N was 2.5984E-03 moles×g-1. Thus, the esterification with citric acid at 141°C under atmospheric pressure using a closed reflux assembly of the tire’s tread part was carried out such as the quantities of citric acid were in excess in comparison to the tire’s total sites quantities. A model molecule representative of the connections of the most important atoms in the tire was proposed and permitted to show the possible reactions-mechanisms occurring between the tire’s acid and basic sites and the citric acid molecules during their esterification together catalyzed by the protonic acid-H+ of the citric acid. It was demonstrated that the esterification between citric acid and tire’s acid/basic sites occurred efficiency whether on surface, whether in tire’s porous with a very important initial conversion of the sites until 90% only after 20mn. The calculated global observed speed constant of the esterification between citric acid and tire’s acid/basic sites is equal to 2.33L3×mol-3×h-1. It was noticed that during this esterification the citric acid esterified with the tire’s acid/basic sites was dehydrated and explained the formation of alkenes organic function which quantities increased even after 2 hours. Thereafter, these tire’s citric acid alkenes will form the first new sites and their addition reactions with citric acid molecules or dehydrated citric acid molecules gave citric acid polymers and/or poly-aromatics molecules which constituted the second new sites; their densities after 2 hours reactions were respectively 9.18E-04 moles×g-1 and 7.65E-04 moles×g-1. After 2 hours of reaction, a soft dark materials with precipitates dark grains were recovered.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Study of Esterification Between the Used Tire and Citric Acid Molecules
    AU  - Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara
    AU  - Havosoa Andriamanantsoa
    AU  - Nambinina Richard Randriana
    AU  - Baholy Robijaona
    AU  - Hanitra Marie Ratsimba
    Y1  - 2022/10/11
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.15
    T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
    JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
    JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
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    EP  - 155
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8745
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.15
    AB  - The recovery and recycling of all used tires is a constant challenge in a century where respect for the environment is becoming increasingly important and a key success factor. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified citric acid as “Generally Recognized as Safe – GRAS”, in consequence its use as raw material is beneficial for all and allowed to the study of its esterification with used tread tires. The tread tire samples utilized during all experimentations have 1.062wt.% of sulfur and they were characterized by titrations based on Boëhm titration such as its acid sites densities determined with NaOH-0.05N was 2.0421E-03 moles×g-1 and its basic sites densities determined by HCl-0.1N was 2.5984E-03 moles×g-1. Thus, the esterification with citric acid at 141°C under atmospheric pressure using a closed reflux assembly of the tire’s tread part was carried out such as the quantities of citric acid were in excess in comparison to the tire’s total sites quantities. A model molecule representative of the connections of the most important atoms in the tire was proposed and permitted to show the possible reactions-mechanisms occurring between the tire’s acid and basic sites and the citric acid molecules during their esterification together catalyzed by the protonic acid-H+ of the citric acid. It was demonstrated that the esterification between citric acid and tire’s acid/basic sites occurred efficiency whether on surface, whether in tire’s porous with a very important initial conversion of the sites until 90% only after 20mn. The calculated global observed speed constant of the esterification between citric acid and tire’s acid/basic sites is equal to 2.33L3×mol-3×h-1. It was noticed that during this esterification the citric acid esterified with the tire’s acid/basic sites was dehydrated and explained the formation of alkenes organic function which quantities increased even after 2 hours. Thereafter, these tire’s citric acid alkenes will form the first new sites and their addition reactions with citric acid molecules or dehydrated citric acid molecules gave citric acid polymers and/or poly-aromatics molecules which constituted the second new sites; their densities after 2 hours reactions were respectively 9.18E-04 moles×g-1 and 7.65E-04 moles×g-1. After 2 hours of reaction, a soft dark materials with precipitates dark grains were recovered.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Chemical Process Engineering Department, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique Antananarivo, Antananarivo University, Antananarivo, Madagascar

  • Chemical Process Engineering Department, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique Antananarivo, Antananarivo University, Antananarivo, Madagascar

  • Chemical Process Engineering Department, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique Antananarivo, Antananarivo University, Antananarivo, Madagascar

  • Chemical Process Engineering Department, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique Antananarivo, Antananarivo University, Antananarivo, Madagascar

  • Chemical Process Engineering Department, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique Antananarivo, Antananarivo University, Antananarivo, Madagascar

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