The global energy sector is experiencing a significant change driven by the requirement for sustainable energy solutions, economic growth, and climate change mitigation. Renewable energy (RE), derived from sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and bio-energy, has emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuels. Over the past decade, advancements in RE technologies, such as increased efficiency in solar photovoltaics (PV), improvements in wind turbine designs, and the development of energy storage solutions, have propelled the renewable energy sector forward. Although considerable advancements have been made, various challenges still hinder the widespread deployment of renewable energy technologies, including substantial initial costs, intermittency concerns, technological limitations, and insufficient grid capacity. The integration of intermittent energy sources into existing grids presents additional challenges, especially in balancing supply and demand. Moreover, while the cost of RE technologies has decreased significantly, financial and policy frameworks that favour fossil fuel subsidies continue to hinder a faster transition to renewable-based energy systems. Despite these challenges, innovations in energy storage, grid modernization, and hybrid energy systems show promise in addressing the intermittency and scalability issues inherent in renewable energy. This paper explores the current state of renewable energy technologies, the barriers to their large-scale implementation, and the strategies needed to accelerate the global transition to sustainable, low-carbon energy systems.

Renewable Energy (RE), Fossil Fuel, Sustainable Energy Solutions