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Reconstructing Indian History: Alexander Cunningham's Role in Shaping Historiography
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, December 2023
Pages:
38-43
Received:
8 May 2023
Accepted:
24 May 2023
Published:
21 July 2023
Abstract: The present study explores contributions and impact of Alexander Cunningham on Indian historiography with an extensive exploration of Cunningham's background, including his career, and significant achievements. It attempts to explore the life, career, and significant contributions of Alexander Cunningham to Indian historiography. The objectives of this study are to get into Cunningham's education, career, and methodologies, and to assess their impact on our understanding of Indian history. The paper analyses Cunningham's role in the establishment of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and evaluates the significance of his identification and preservation of historical sites. It also discusses the controversies surrounding his work and examines his legacy and influence on subsequent historiographical endeavours. The study also highlights Cunningham's interdisciplinary approach, which combined archaeology, epigraphy, and historical analysis in his research. The research methodology employed is primarily analytical and exploratory, involving a comprehensive examination of Cunningham's life, education, career, and contributions to Indian historiography. His methodologies and approaches in archaeological surveys and excavations are analyzed to understand their impact on the reconstruction of Indian history. The study also discusses controversies and debates surrounding his work and presents case studies showcasing different periods and aspects of Indian history. Besides, the research explores the relationship between Cunningham's historiographical contributions and the historical context of colonial India. By shedding light on Cunningham's significant role in shaping Indian historiography, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the reconstruction of India's historical past and the influence of colonial-era scholars on our knowledge of Indian history. Ultimately, the findings of this research enhance our knowledge of Cunningham's methodologies, highlight the importance of his contributions, and provide valuable insights into the understanding and reconstruction of Indian history.
Abstract: The present study explores contributions and impact of Alexander Cunningham on Indian historiography with an extensive exploration of Cunningham's background, including his career, and significant achievements. It attempts to explore the life, career, and significant contributions of Alexander Cunningham to Indian historiography. The objectives of ...
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European Imperialism and Ecological Change in the Colonies
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, December 2023
Pages:
44-50
Received:
4 July 2023
Accepted:
7 August 2023
Published:
31 August 2023
Abstract: This study focuses on the ecological element of European imperialism and how it appears in literature on the continent, founded on the connected anthropocentric and Eurocentric discourses. For the sake of advancing science and the economy, ecological imperialism refers to the willful destruction of the natural resources of colonial lands through exploitation, extraction, and transfer. Ecological imperialism is a term coined by American environmental historian Alfred Crosby to describe the successful colonisation of temperate areas by Europeans, including North America, South America, New Zealand, and Australia. According to Crosby, an essential ecological factor contributed to the success of European colonial development, which began around 1500 CE. "European emigrants and their descendants are everywhere, which necessitates explanations," he remarked. To create new areas appropriate for European farmers and establish themselves, white settlers from Europe transported plants and animals thousands of miles away to temperate regions. Crosby coined the phrase "Columbian exchange" to refer to the extensive movement of plants and animals from Europe to the New World. Its roots can be seen in the mechanical worldview that Ross Corey, and other thinkers of the era, including Crosby Alfred and Robert Boyle, promoted.
Abstract: This study focuses on the ecological element of European imperialism and how it appears in literature on the continent, founded on the connected anthropocentric and Eurocentric discourses. For the sake of advancing science and the economy, ecological imperialism refers to the willful destruction of the natural resources of colonial lands through ex...
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Impact of 4 Colors Printing in Advertising of the 80s
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, December 2023
Pages:
51-59
Received:
7 June 2023
Accepted:
3 July 2023
Published:
14 September 2023
Abstract: The printing industry and the development of printing machines have profoundly impacted human civilization, leading to the survival of many sciences and their spread worldwide. This industry has influenced human societies' economics, politics, and cultural development. The development of printing machines and their impact on advertising has significantly informed people about food products, services, etc., and has encouraged people to purchase specific products. Between 1942 and 1952, advertising in Iran focused on the previous regime's economic policies, introducing consumer goods and ordinary life events. After the popular uprising of June 6, 1942, the government focused on developing propaganda programs and communication facilities, leading to establishing of the Ministry of Intelligence later that year. Advertising organizations were formed to protect and promote their rights, strengthen the principles of cooperation between class members, and improve their situation, forming the Union of Advertising Organizers. The print industry's ability to shape and present work in illustration and propaganda and its impact on advertisements in Iran during the 1380s is a new finding that the print industry provides in imaging and advertising. Although the printing industry and machines entered Iran relatively late, many printing houses were created, producing newspapers, magazines, and books. Using printed advertising to introduce products gained a particular place, with brochures, catalogs, posters, banners, and packaging of products by offset printing machines in high numbers and good quality, causing advertising to change dramatically. After the end of the war, society and social attention focused on the war incident and its consequences to fill the international community's gap and resolve its destructive effects on the country. In general, the primary needs of Iranian society in the 1980s were divided into three broad categories: information on elections, advertising information, and creating post-war opportunities for writers and researchers. Moreover, the country needed to address the destructive effects of war on its cities and rebuild.
Abstract: The printing industry and the development of printing machines have profoundly impacted human civilization, leading to the survival of many sciences and their spread worldwide. This industry has influenced human societies' economics, politics, and cultural development. The development of printing machines and their impact on advertising has signifi...
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Research Article
Qian Xuesen's Role in Computer Development of China
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, December 2023
Pages:
60-67
Received:
1 October 2023
Accepted:
20 October 2023
Published:
31 October 2023
Abstract: Qian Xuesen is an important pioneer and founder of China's missile and aerospace technology. What is less well known is that Qian Xuesen also made an important contribution by actively supporting and promoting the establishment and early development of computer science and technology in China. Based on previous research, this paper further examines and reveals the important role played by Qian Xuesen in recommending the inclusion of computer technology in national scientific planning and emergency measures, supporting the training of computer professionals, guiding the development of domestic electronic computers, and promoting the application of computers in missile and space engineering during the nascent period of China's computer industry in the 1950s and 1960s. Qian Xuesen's thoughts and practices on the development of China's computer industry are characterized by the following features: planning the direction of computer industry development from the needs of the country's scientific and technological and industrial foundation and strategic development; training personnel of computer technology personnel from "integration of science and technology, implementation to industry, combination of teaching and scientific research", establishing departments and specialties according to disciplines, aiming at training talents who dare to break through the cutting-edge computer technology; developing computer business must be in line with the law of research and development, and progress in a gradual and orderly manner, firstly, carry out tracking and imitation of specific models of computers in order to solve the engineering problems, and then solve the various application problems.
Abstract: Qian Xuesen is an important pioneer and founder of China's missile and aerospace technology. What is less well known is that Qian Xuesen also made an important contribution by actively supporting and promoting the establishment and early development of computer science and technology in China. Based on previous research, this paper further examines...
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