Lipidomics: New Frontier of the Ketogenic Diet
Alessandra Lodi,
Lorenzo Cenci
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 5, September 2021
Pages:
95-100
Received:
15 August 2021
Accepted:
31 August 2021
Published:
10 September 2021
Abstract: Lipidomics is the discipline that studies lipid changes that occur during cellular metabolism. This new approach can be applied to the ketogenic diet (KD) where fats are the predominant macronutrient. After a few days of reduced carbohydrate consumption, glucose reserves become insufficient both for normal fat oxidation via the supply of oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle and for the supply of glucose to the central nervous system. The alternative energy source is derived from the overproduction of acetyl coenzyme A. This condition, called ketogenesis, leads to the production of higher-than-normal levels of so-called ketone bodies. The acceleration of the production of monounsaturated fats (MF) is so characteristic of obesity that the palmitic-palmitoleic track is indicated as a biomarker even the risk of weight gain. Palmitoleic is known as lipoquine, as it regulates the fat transfer from adipose tissue to muscle. In obesity it increases because it is a defence mechanism of the body to transport fats to the muscle, thus avoiding their excessive accumulation in the liver. The saturated/MF ratio indicates the level of stiffness of the membrane. The increase in membrane stiffness leads to a decrease in the number of insulin receptors predisposing to the onset of diabetes. Each cellular compartment has its own lipid content which can be monitored by lipidomics but the erythrocyte membrane has been shown to have the suitable characteristics to become an important site for lipidomic analysis. Conclusions: KD could be customized based on the results of the membrane lipidomic analysis. The lipidomic profile of an obese subject is characterized by an imbalance of PUFA in favor of omega-6 and by an excess of MF. This imbalance must be taken into consideration in the formulation of the KD protocol: only in this way, the epigenetic structure will be favorable to the establishment of a new balance unfavorable to fat accumulation.
Abstract: Lipidomics is the discipline that studies lipid changes that occur during cellular metabolism. This new approach can be applied to the ketogenic diet (KD) where fats are the predominant macronutrient. After a few days of reduced carbohydrate consumption, glucose reserves become insufficient both for normal fat oxidation via the supply of oxaloaceta...
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Identification of Indica-Japonica Subspecies Rice by Duplex Fluorescence PCR Detection for Chloroplast DNA and Endogenous gos Gene
Biying Shao,
Tingyu Miao,
Juan Peng,
Bin Chen,
Wenbing Chen
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 5, September 2021
Pages:
101-107
Received:
17 August 2021
Accepted:
6 September 2021
Published:
23 September 2021
Abstract: Asia cultivated rice are classified into two subspecies, indica and japonica rice (hsien and keng rice called in China, separately). It is necessary to establish a convenient and effective method to identify two subspecies because of the different quality characteristics between the rice products of them, which lead to different processing uses and commodity values. The identification method of PCR based on the difference of chloroplast DNA is convenient and effective, to be attempted to establish. Based on 69 bp fragment deletion of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) found in ORF100 region nucleotides within the cpDNA Pst I-12 fragment in indica rice but not in japonica, the primer pair and a probe located on the specific cpDNA fragment in japonica rice were designed to identify indica and japonica rice. Another primer pair and probe used to detect endogenous gene gos in rice were combined with above primer pair and probe for detecting cpDNA to establish duplex fluorescence PCR to amplify cpDNA and gos gene for improving detection accuracy, to avoid the false negative results caused by DNA extraction error. The duplex fluorescence PCR detection method was established using typical japonica rice (pearl rice) and typical indica rice (Taixian 11). The accuracy of the method was validated with 547 samples including 177 samples of rice seed and eaten rice known as conventional japonica varieties and japonica type hybrid combinations and 370 samples of rice seed and eaten rice known as conventional indica rice varieties and indica type hybrid combinations. In 177 japonica samples, 170 samples with both positive results of cpDNA marker and gos gene, a coincidence rate of 96.05% agreement japonica rice, and 7 samples with positive results of gos gene and negative of cpDNA marker, not agreement japonica rice with non-coincidence rate of 3.95%, were detected. Of the 370 samples of indica rice seed and eaten rice, with positive results of gos gene and negative of cpDNA marker were detected in 340 samples, the rate of coincidence to indica rice was 91.89%. Other 30 samples with both positive results of cpDNA marker and gos gene, were detected, and the non-coincidence rate with indica rice was 8.11%. These identification results were in good agreement with known indica and japonica varieties, and the coincidence rate of japonica varieties was higher than indica. This method can be used to identify indica and japonica subspecies rice, especially suitable to identify conventional rice varieties.
Abstract: Asia cultivated rice are classified into two subspecies, indica and japonica rice (hsien and keng rice called in China, separately). It is necessary to establish a convenient and effective method to identify two subspecies because of the different quality characteristics between the rice products of them, which lead to different processing uses and...
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Carica papaya’s Varieties Improved Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Atherogenic Risk in Rats Fed with Oxidised Palm Oil and Sucrose Diet
Etaga Noel Babayana,
Selakong Nzekuie Quelie,
Etoundi Omgba Cunegonde Blanche,
Mekoulou Ndongo Jerson,
Bika Lélé Claude Élisé,
Aicha De Nkainsa,
Ngaha Marie Ide,
Bilog Nadine Carole,
Bogning Zangueu Calvin,
Mbock Armel Junior,
Endougou Effa Anne Marie,
Dongmo Alain Bernard,
Bongue Bienvenu,
Mandengue Samuel Honoré,
Ayina Ayina Clarisse Noel
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 5, September 2021
Pages:
108-116
Received:
11 August 2021
Accepted:
2 September 2021
Published:
12 October 2021
Abstract: In the recent years, obesity has become more prevalent owing to increase habit sedentary. According to many studies, physical activities and nutritherapy could be complementary solutionto this problem. Pawpaw (Carica papaya) is a tropical fruit highly consumed for its flavour and nutritive properties. The present studywas carried out to investigate the effect of some pawpaw’s varieties’ juice on obesity, insulin resistance and atherogenic riskin albino rats under oxidised palm oil and sucrose diet. Healthy males and females Wistar rats received during 13 weeks every day a supplement of oxidised palm oil (25%) sucrose (25%). At the end of this period, animals presenting obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerancecharacteristics were randomly separated into 6 groups. Three of these groups (satellite control groups (G III, G IV and G V) returned to standard diet and received a supplement of smooth cayenne and spanich variety of pawpaw (1 ml/100g), while thethree others groups (OPOS control groups G II, G VI and G VII) continued with oxidised palm oil and sucrose diet (OPOS), and received a supplement of smooth cayenne and spanich variety of pawpaw (1 ml/100g), respectively during 12 weeks. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was performed and insulin sensitivity was assessed by performing insulin tolerance test, then determining insulin index (Kitt). Body weight, Lee index, naso-anal length, abdominal fat mass, BMI, faeces relative weight and lipid profilewere measured; Atherogenic risk was calculated. OPOS diet induced overall obesity, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and atherogenic risk, and thenreduced Faeces relative weight in animals (P< 0.001 respectively). Treatment with two varieties of pawpaw fresh juice significantly (P< 0.001) reduced Lee index, naso-anal length, abdominal fat mass andBMI, and increased faeces weight; Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were restored; the lipid profile was improved and the atherogenic risk eliminated both in males and females. These results highlight the obesogenic, hyperglycaemic and dyslipidemic characters of OPOS diet, and show the benefits of pawpaw fresh juice on these metabolic diseases. With complementary studies, we will recommend the consumption of this fruit as complementary solution for theprevention and/or the management of the cardiometabolic risk.
Abstract: In the recent years, obesity has become more prevalent owing to increase habit sedentary. According to many studies, physical activities and nutritherapy could be complementary solutionto this problem. Pawpaw (Carica papaya) is a tropical fruit highly consumed for its flavour and nutritive properties. The present studywas carried out to investigate...
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