Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia)

Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew; Ezegbe Amarachi Grace; Boniface Christian Izuchukwu; Kalu Amarachi Agu; Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem; Godswill Onunkwo

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12

Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia)

Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew, Ezegbe Amarachi Grace, Boniface Christian Izuchukwu, Kalu Amarachi Agu, Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem, Godswill Onunkwo

Published in World Journal of Medical Case Reports (Volume 3, Issue 4)

Received: 19 May 2022 Accepted: 2 June 2022 Published: 29 December 2022

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Abstract

Background: Generic substitution of a brand of medicine for others, with the hope that they have the same therapeutic effect is difficult for health care providers and consumers. Aim: This study was able to evaluate the authenticity of label claim of eight samples of artemether-lumefantrine and two samples of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets available at Ogige market Nsukka and Ogbete main market, Enugu. Method: The following tests were carried out; hardness, friability, modified disintegration time, wetting time, water absorption ratio and weight uniformity. The compliance of each sample to the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) requirements were recorded. Results: The friability test showed that all the tablets passed the test with less than 1% friability loss. The mean hardness ranged from 1.65±0.47 to 5.35±0.67 for artemether-lumefantrine tablets, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets ranged from 4.00±0.93 to 6.10±0.91 respectively. The tablet diameter and mean thickness of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 9.00±1.53 to 11.00±1.0 and 2.00±1.15 to 4.00±1.53 respectively, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate ranged from 8.00±0.9 to 10.00±1.0 and 3.00±2.08 to 4.00±1.53 respectively. The disintegration time of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 1.50±0.1 to 3.52±0.01 and 2.06±0.02 to 3.30±0.03 for amoxicillin trihydrate respectively. The wetting and water absorption ratio of artemether-lumefantrine ranged from 0.21±0.01 to 4.47±0.01, and 25.66±0.01 to 131.62±0.04 respectively, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate ranged from 1.28±0.01 to 10.00±0.02 and 49.54±0.02 to 75.65±0.03 respectively. The study discovered that several generic brands of artemether-lumefantrine and amoxicillin trihydrate tablets in Nigeria could be sub-standard products.

Published in	World Journal of Medical Case Reports (Volume 3, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12
Page(s)	50-55
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Artemether-Lumefantrine, Amoxicillin Trihydrate, Oro-Dispersible Tablets, Malaria, Pneumonia

References

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[2]	Arora P., and Sethi, V. A. (2013). Review article orodispersible tablets: A comprehensive Review. Int J Res. Dev. Pharm Life Sci. 2 (2): 270-284.
[3]	Bala R., Khanna, S., Pawar, P., Arora, S. (2013). Orally dissolving strips. A new approach to oral drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Investig. 3 (2): 67-76.
[4]	Adebayo E, Hussain N (2010). Pattern of prescription drug use in Nigerian army hospitals. Ann Afr Med. 9 (3): 152-8.
[5]	Afriyie, D. K., Danquah C. A., and Buabeng K. O. (2013). Evidence summary for the Ghana Essential Medicines Committee: Dispersible amoxicillin tablets for children. Retrieved online on 4th December, 2016.
[6]	Briesacher B. A., Andrade, S. E., Fouayzi H., and Chan, K. A. (2009). Medication adherence and use of generic drug therapies. The American Journal of managed care. 15 (7): 450-6.
[7]	Cameron A., Ewen, M., Ross-Degnan D., Ball D., Laing R. (2009). Medicine prices, availability and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. Lancet. 373 (9659): 2409.
[8]	Hendriksen, C. I, Gomes IC., Seni E, Chhaganlal A. (2005). South East Asian quinine artesunate malaria trial (Seaquamat) group. Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomized trial. Lancet. 366: 717-25.
[9]	Dondorp AM., Fanello CI., Hendriksen IC, Gomes E, Seni A., and Chhaganlal K (2010). Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African Children (Aquamat). Lancet. 376: 1647-57.
[10]	Dylst P., Vulto A., and Simoens S. (2013). Demand-side policies to encourage the use of generic medicines: an overview. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research. 13 (1): 59-72.
[11]	Ezenduka C., Ubochi V and Ogbonna B. (2014). The utilization pattern and costs analysis of psychotropic drugs at a Neuropsychiaric Hospital in Nigeria. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4 (3): 325-37.
[12]	Kurth F., Develoux, M., Mechain, M., Clerinx J., Antinori S. (2015). Intravenous artesunate reduces parasite clearance time, duration of intensive care and hospital treatment in patients with severe malaria in Europe. The tropnet severe malaria study. Clin Infect Dis. 61: 1441-4.
[13]	Patel S., Taher M. (2013). Fast dissolving tablet technology. A review. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management. 2 (2): 485-508.
[14]	United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP 23/NF18) (1995). 18th ed.; US Pharmacopoeial Convention: Rockwile.
[15]	British Pharmacopoeia. British Pharmacopoeia, vol. III. London (2009). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. 6578-6585.
[16]	Tamuno I., Fadare JO. (2012). Drug prescription pattern in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11 (1): 146-52.
[17]	Theodoratou E., Al-jilaihawa S., Woodward F., Ferguson J. (2010). The effect of case management on childhood pneumonia mortality in developing countries. Int. J Epidemiol. 39: 55-71.
[18]	Hoffman A., David S., Eran L., Sara R., Eytan K., ichael F. (2004). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of gastro retentive dosage forms. Int J Pharm. 277: 141-153.

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APA Style

Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew, Ezegbe Amarachi Grace, Boniface Christian Izuchukwu, Kalu Amarachi Agu, Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem, et al. (2022). Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia). World Journal of Medical Case Reports, 3(4), 50-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12

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ACS Style

Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew; Ezegbe Amarachi Grace; Boniface Christian Izuchukwu; Kalu Amarachi Agu; Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem, et al. Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia). World J. Med. Case Rep. 2022, 3(4), 50-55. doi: 10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12

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AMA Style

Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew, Ezegbe Amarachi Grace, Boniface Christian Izuchukwu, Kalu Amarachi Agu, Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem, et al. Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia). World J Med Case Rep. 2022;3(4):50-55. doi: 10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12,
  author = {Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew and Ezegbe Amarachi Grace and Boniface Christian Izuchukwu and Kalu Amarachi Agu and Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem and Godswill Onunkwo},
  title = {Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia)},
  journal = {World Journal of Medical Case Reports},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {50-55},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjmcr.20220304.12},
  abstract = {Background: Generic substitution of a brand of medicine for others, with the hope that they have the same therapeutic effect is difficult for health care providers and consumers. Aim: This study was able to evaluate the authenticity of label claim of eight samples of artemether-lumefantrine and two samples of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets available at Ogige market Nsukka and Ogbete main market, Enugu. Method: The following tests were carried out; hardness, friability, modified disintegration time, wetting time, water absorption ratio and weight uniformity. The compliance of each sample to the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) requirements were recorded. Results: The friability test showed that all the tablets passed the test with less than 1% friability loss. The mean hardness ranged from 1.65±0.47 to 5.35±0.67 for artemether-lumefantrine tablets, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets ranged from 4.00±0.93 to 6.10±0.91 respectively. The tablet diameter and mean thickness of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 9.00±1.53 to 11.00±1.0 and 2.00±1.15 to 4.00±1.53 respectively, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate ranged from 8.00±0.9 to 10.00±1.0 and 3.00±2.08 to 4.00±1.53 respectively. The disintegration time of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 1.50±0.1 to 3.52±0.01 and 2.06±0.02 to 3.30±0.03 for amoxicillin trihydrate respectively. The wetting and water absorption ratio of artemether-lumefantrine ranged from 0.21±0.01 to 4.47±0.01, and 25.66±0.01 to 131.62±0.04 respectively, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate ranged from 1.28±0.01 to 10.00±0.02 and 49.54±0.02 to 75.65±0.03 respectively. The study discovered that several generic brands of artemether-lumefantrine and amoxicillin trihydrate tablets in Nigeria could be sub-standard products.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia)
AU  - Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew
AU  - Ezegbe Amarachi Grace
AU  - Boniface Christian Izuchukwu
AU  - Kalu Amarachi Agu
AU  - Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem
AU  - Godswill Onunkwo
Y1  - 2022/12/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12
T2  - World Journal of Medical Case Reports
JF  - World Journal of Medical Case Reports
JO  - World Journal of Medical Case Reports
SP  - 50
EP  - 55
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-726X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12
AB  - Background: Generic substitution of a brand of medicine for others, with the hope that they have the same therapeutic effect is difficult for health care providers and consumers. Aim: This study was able to evaluate the authenticity of label claim of eight samples of artemether-lumefantrine and two samples of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets available at Ogige market Nsukka and Ogbete main market, Enugu. Method: The following tests were carried out; hardness, friability, modified disintegration time, wetting time, water absorption ratio and weight uniformity. The compliance of each sample to the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) requirements were recorded. Results: The friability test showed that all the tablets passed the test with less than 1% friability loss. The mean hardness ranged from 1.65±0.47 to 5.35±0.67 for artemether-lumefantrine tablets, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets ranged from 4.00±0.93 to 6.10±0.91 respectively. The tablet diameter and mean thickness of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 9.00±1.53 to 11.00±1.0 and 2.00±1.15 to 4.00±1.53 respectively, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate ranged from 8.00±0.9 to 10.00±1.0 and 3.00±2.08 to 4.00±1.53 respectively. The disintegration time of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 1.50±0.1 to 3.52±0.01 and 2.06±0.02 to 3.30±0.03 for amoxicillin trihydrate respectively. The wetting and water absorption ratio of artemether-lumefantrine ranged from 0.21±0.01 to 4.47±0.01, and 25.66±0.01 to 131.62±0.04 respectively, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate ranged from 1.28±0.01 to 10.00±0.02 and 49.54±0.02 to 75.65±0.03 respectively. The study discovered that several generic brands of artemether-lumefantrine and amoxicillin trihydrate tablets in Nigeria could be sub-standard products.
VL  - 3
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Ezegbe Amarachi Grace

Department of Home Science and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Boniface Christian Izuchukwu

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Kalu Amarachi Agu

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem

Department of Pharmacy, Federal Medical Center, Owerri, Nigeria
Godswill Onunkwo

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

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APA Style

Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew, Ezegbe Amarachi Grace, Boniface Christian Izuchukwu, Kalu Amarachi Agu, Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem, et al. (2022). Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia). World Journal of Medical Case Reports, 3(4), 50-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12

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ACS Style

Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew; Ezegbe Amarachi Grace; Boniface Christian Izuchukwu; Kalu Amarachi Agu; Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem, et al. Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia). World J. Med. Case Rep. 2022, 3(4), 50-55. doi: 10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12

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AMA Style

Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew, Ezegbe Amarachi Grace, Boniface Christian Izuchukwu, Kalu Amarachi Agu, Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem, et al. Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia). World J Med Case Rep. 2022;3(4):50-55. doi: 10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12,
  author = {Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew and Ezegbe Amarachi Grace and Boniface Christian Izuchukwu and Kalu Amarachi Agu and Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem and Godswill Onunkwo},
  title = {Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia)},
  journal = {World Journal of Medical Case Reports},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {50-55},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjmcr.20220304.12},
  abstract = {Background: Generic substitution of a brand of medicine for others, with the hope that they have the same therapeutic effect is difficult for health care providers and consumers. Aim: This study was able to evaluate the authenticity of label claim of eight samples of artemether-lumefantrine and two samples of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets available at Ogige market Nsukka and Ogbete main market, Enugu. Method: The following tests were carried out; hardness, friability, modified disintegration time, wetting time, water absorption ratio and weight uniformity. The compliance of each sample to the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) requirements were recorded. Results: The friability test showed that all the tablets passed the test with less than 1% friability loss. The mean hardness ranged from 1.65±0.47 to 5.35±0.67 for artemether-lumefantrine tablets, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets ranged from 4.00±0.93 to 6.10±0.91 respectively. The tablet diameter and mean thickness of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 9.00±1.53 to 11.00±1.0 and 2.00±1.15 to 4.00±1.53 respectively, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate ranged from 8.00±0.9 to 10.00±1.0 and 3.00±2.08 to 4.00±1.53 respectively. The disintegration time of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 1.50±0.1 to 3.52±0.01 and 2.06±0.02 to 3.30±0.03 for amoxicillin trihydrate respectively. The wetting and water absorption ratio of artemether-lumefantrine ranged from 0.21±0.01 to 4.47±0.01, and 25.66±0.01 to 131.62±0.04 respectively, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate ranged from 1.28±0.01 to 10.00±0.02 and 49.54±0.02 to 75.65±0.03 respectively. The study discovered that several generic brands of artemether-lumefantrine and amoxicillin trihydrate tablets in Nigeria could be sub-standard products.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Oro-Dispersible Tablets (Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amoxicillin Trihydrate) Used for Some Common Childhood Diseases (Malaria and Pheumonia)
AU  - Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew
AU  - Ezegbe Amarachi Grace
AU  - Boniface Christian Izuchukwu
AU  - Kalu Amarachi Agu
AU  - Okorafor Ezinne Chinemerem
AU  - Godswill Onunkwo
Y1  - 2022/12/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12
T2  - World Journal of Medical Case Reports
JF  - World Journal of Medical Case Reports
JO  - World Journal of Medical Case Reports
SP  - 50
EP  - 55
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-726X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjmcr.20220304.12
AB  - Background: Generic substitution of a brand of medicine for others, with the hope that they have the same therapeutic effect is difficult for health care providers and consumers. Aim: This study was able to evaluate the authenticity of label claim of eight samples of artemether-lumefantrine and two samples of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets available at Ogige market Nsukka and Ogbete main market, Enugu. Method: The following tests were carried out; hardness, friability, modified disintegration time, wetting time, water absorption ratio and weight uniformity. The compliance of each sample to the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) requirements were recorded. Results: The friability test showed that all the tablets passed the test with less than 1% friability loss. The mean hardness ranged from 1.65±0.47 to 5.35±0.67 for artemether-lumefantrine tablets, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate tablets ranged from 4.00±0.93 to 6.10±0.91 respectively. The tablet diameter and mean thickness of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 9.00±1.53 to 11.00±1.0 and 2.00±1.15 to 4.00±1.53 respectively, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate ranged from 8.00±0.9 to 10.00±1.0 and 3.00±2.08 to 4.00±1.53 respectively. The disintegration time of artemether-lumefantrine tablets ranged from 1.50±0.1 to 3.52±0.01 and 2.06±0.02 to 3.30±0.03 for amoxicillin trihydrate respectively. The wetting and water absorption ratio of artemether-lumefantrine ranged from 0.21±0.01 to 4.47±0.01, and 25.66±0.01 to 131.62±0.04 respectively, while that of amoxicillin trihydrate ranged from 1.28±0.01 to 10.00±0.02 and 49.54±0.02 to 75.65±0.03 respectively. The study discovered that several generic brands of artemether-lumefantrine and amoxicillin trihydrate tablets in Nigeria could be sub-standard products.
VL  - 3
IS  - 4
ER  -

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