Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana

Solomon Anum Doku; Richmond Bediako Nsiah; Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria; Regina Amoa TuTu; Jerome Kaba Aperiba; George Hector Amonoo; Dominic Nyarko; Paul Kofi Awuah; Gifty Sefaah Owusu; Lynna Naa Adede Obeng; Gilbert Dagoe; Agyapong Kwame Addai; Sandra Frimpomaa; Abigail Boahemaa Boateng; Saviour Katamani; Charles Sarkodie; Mark Bonnir

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11

Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana

Solomon Anum Doku, Richmond Bediako Nsiah, Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria, Regina Amoa TuTu, Jerome Kaba Aperiba, George Hector Amonoo, Dominic Nyarko, Paul Kofi Awuah, Gifty Sefaah Owusu, Lynna Naa Adede Obeng, Gilbert Dagoe, Agyapong Kwame Addai, Sandra Frimpomaa, Abigail Boahemaa Boateng, Saviour Katamani, Charles Sarkodie, Mark Bonnir

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 8, Issue 4)

Received: 30 September 2022 Accepted: 14 October 2022 Published: 28 October 2022

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Abstract

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) implementation are paramount in reducing healthcare-associated infections through Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices in healthcare facilities. This study assessed the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene status in selected urban healthcare facilities. This assessment employed onsite observations and structured interviews using pre-defined Water and Sanitation for Health Facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) indicators. Hand hygiene had the highest assessed indicators meeting the required standards (70%) followed by the Water domain with 64%. Facility environment, cleanliness and disinfection had about 62% of its indicators meeting standards. Only 20.8% of indicators assessed on healthcare waste met standards with about 38% failing to meet standards. Sanitation had 30% of its indicators meeting standards. The management domain had the least indicators meeting standards (4.5%) with over 50% of indicators not meeting the standards. There is an urgent need for the supply of sanitation and healthcare waste logistics to healthcare facilities assessed and a paradigm shift in the area of management focusing on orientations of other healthcare professionals on WASH. Furthermore, the delegation of WASH implementation activities to healthcare professionals is key to ensuring effective implementation. Water quality assessment should be prioritized in future studies.

Published in	Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 8, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11
Page(s)	212-220
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control, Public Health, WASH

References

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[5]	World Health Organization. Water and sanitation for health facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2018 [cited 2022 Apr 3]. p. 1. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/water-and-sanitation-health-facility-improvement-tool-wash-fit-practical-guide
[6]	World Health Organization. Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2019 [cited 2022 Mar 12]. p. 1–5. Available from: https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB144/B144_R5-en.pdf
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[12]	Ashinyo ME, Amegah KE, Dubik SD, Ntow-Kummi G, Adjei MK, Amponsah J, et al. Evaluation of water, sanitation and hygiene status of covid-19 healthcare facilities in Ghana using the wash fit approach. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 2021; 11 (3): 398–404.
[13]	Hirai M, Nyamandi V, Siachema C, Shirihuru N, Dhoba L, Baggen A, et al. Using the water and sanitation for health facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) in Zimbabwe: A cross-sectional study of water, sanitation and hygiene services in 50 COVID-19 isolation facilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (11): 1–11.
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[15]	UNICEF. Water, sanitation, hygiene and waste management for the COVID-19 virus. World Heal Organ [Internet]. 2020; (March): 1–9. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331305

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APA Style

Solomon Anum Doku, Richmond Bediako Nsiah, Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria, Regina Amoa TuTu, Jerome Kaba Aperiba, et al. (2022). Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 8(4), 212-220. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11

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ACS Style

Solomon Anum Doku; Richmond Bediako Nsiah; Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria; Regina Amoa TuTu; Jerome Kaba Aperiba, et al. Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana. J. Health Environ. Res. 2022, 8(4), 212-220. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11

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AMA Style

Solomon Anum Doku, Richmond Bediako Nsiah, Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria, Regina Amoa TuTu, Jerome Kaba Aperiba, et al. Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana. J Health Environ Res. 2022;8(4):212-220. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11

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@article{10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11,
  author = {Solomon Anum Doku and Richmond Bediako Nsiah and Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria and Regina Amoa TuTu and Jerome Kaba Aperiba and George Hector Amonoo and Dominic Nyarko and Paul Kofi Awuah and Gifty Sefaah Owusu and Lynna Naa Adede Obeng and Gilbert Dagoe and Agyapong Kwame Addai and Sandra Frimpomaa and Abigail Boahemaa Boateng and Saviour Katamani and Charles Sarkodie and Mark Bonnir},
  title = {Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {212-220},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20220804.11},
  abstract = {Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) implementation are paramount in reducing healthcare-associated infections through Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices in healthcare facilities. This study assessed the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene status in selected urban healthcare facilities. This assessment employed onsite observations and structured interviews using pre-defined Water and Sanitation for Health Facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) indicators. Hand hygiene had the highest assessed indicators meeting the required standards (70%) followed by the Water domain with 64%. Facility environment, cleanliness and disinfection had about 62% of its indicators meeting standards. Only 20.8% of indicators assessed on healthcare waste met standards with about 38% failing to meet standards. Sanitation had 30% of its indicators meeting standards. The management domain had the least indicators meeting standards (4.5%) with over 50% of indicators not meeting the standards. There is an urgent need for the supply of sanitation and healthcare waste logistics to healthcare facilities assessed and a paradigm shift in the area of management focusing on orientations of other healthcare professionals on WASH. Furthermore, the delegation of WASH implementation activities to healthcare professionals is key to ensuring effective implementation. Water quality assessment should be prioritized in future studies.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana
AU  - Solomon Anum Doku
AU  - Richmond Bediako Nsiah
AU  - Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria
AU  - Regina Amoa TuTu
AU  - Jerome Kaba Aperiba
AU  - George Hector Amonoo
AU  - Dominic Nyarko
AU  - Paul Kofi Awuah
AU  - Gifty Sefaah Owusu
AU  - Lynna Naa Adede Obeng
AU  - Gilbert Dagoe
AU  - Agyapong Kwame Addai
AU  - Sandra Frimpomaa
AU  - Abigail Boahemaa Boateng
AU  - Saviour Katamani
AU  - Charles Sarkodie
AU  - Mark Bonnir
Y1  - 2022/10/28
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 212
EP  - 220
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11
AB  - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) implementation are paramount in reducing healthcare-associated infections through Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices in healthcare facilities. This study assessed the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene status in selected urban healthcare facilities. This assessment employed onsite observations and structured interviews using pre-defined Water and Sanitation for Health Facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) indicators. Hand hygiene had the highest assessed indicators meeting the required standards (70%) followed by the Water domain with 64%. Facility environment, cleanliness and disinfection had about 62% of its indicators meeting standards. Only 20.8% of indicators assessed on healthcare waste met standards with about 38% failing to meet standards. Sanitation had 30% of its indicators meeting standards. The management domain had the least indicators meeting standards (4.5%) with over 50% of indicators not meeting the standards. There is an urgent need for the supply of sanitation and healthcare waste logistics to healthcare facilities assessed and a paradigm shift in the area of management focusing on orientations of other healthcare professionals on WASH. Furthermore, the delegation of WASH implementation activities to healthcare professionals is key to ensuring effective implementation. Water quality assessment should be prioritized in future studies.
VL  - 8
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Solomon Anum Doku

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Richmond Bediako Nsiah

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Regina Amoa TuTu

Clinical Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Jerome Kaba Aperiba

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
George Hector Amonoo

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Cape Coast, Ghana
Dominic Nyarko

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Paul Kofi Awuah

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Gifty Sefaah Owusu

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Lynna Naa Adede Obeng

Clinical Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Gilbert Dagoe

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Agyapong Kwame Addai

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Sandra Frimpomaa

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Abigail Boahemaa Boateng

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Sunyani, Ghana
Saviour Katamani

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Koforidua, Ghana
Charles Sarkodie

Public Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
Mark Bonnir

Community Health Nursing Training College, Wa, Ghana

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Solomon Anum Doku, Richmond Bediako Nsiah, Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria, Regina Amoa TuTu, Jerome Kaba Aperiba, et al. (2022). Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 8(4), 212-220. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11

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ACS Style

Solomon Anum Doku; Richmond Bediako Nsiah; Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria; Regina Amoa TuTu; Jerome Kaba Aperiba, et al. Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana. J. Health Environ. Res. 2022, 8(4), 212-220. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11

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AMA Style

Solomon Anum Doku, Richmond Bediako Nsiah, Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria, Regina Amoa TuTu, Jerome Kaba Aperiba, et al. Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana. J Health Environ Res. 2022;8(4):212-220. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11

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@article{10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11,
  author = {Solomon Anum Doku and Richmond Bediako Nsiah and Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria and Regina Amoa TuTu and Jerome Kaba Aperiba and George Hector Amonoo and Dominic Nyarko and Paul Kofi Awuah and Gifty Sefaah Owusu and Lynna Naa Adede Obeng and Gilbert Dagoe and Agyapong Kwame Addai and Sandra Frimpomaa and Abigail Boahemaa Boateng and Saviour Katamani and Charles Sarkodie and Mark Bonnir},
  title = {Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {212-220},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20220804.11},
  abstract = {Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) implementation are paramount in reducing healthcare-associated infections through Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices in healthcare facilities. This study assessed the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene status in selected urban healthcare facilities. This assessment employed onsite observations and structured interviews using pre-defined Water and Sanitation for Health Facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) indicators. Hand hygiene had the highest assessed indicators meeting the required standards (70%) followed by the Water domain with 64%. Facility environment, cleanliness and disinfection had about 62% of its indicators meeting standards. Only 20.8% of indicators assessed on healthcare waste met standards with about 38% failing to meet standards. Sanitation had 30% of its indicators meeting standards. The management domain had the least indicators meeting standards (4.5%) with over 50% of indicators not meeting the standards. There is an urgent need for the supply of sanitation and healthcare waste logistics to healthcare facilities assessed and a paradigm shift in the area of management focusing on orientations of other healthcare professionals on WASH. Furthermore, the delegation of WASH implementation activities to healthcare professionals is key to ensuring effective implementation. Water quality assessment should be prioritized in future studies.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status in Healthcare Facilities in an Urban District in Ghana
AU  - Solomon Anum Doku
AU  - Richmond Bediako Nsiah
AU  - Saida Abdul Rahman Zakaria
AU  - Regina Amoa TuTu
AU  - Jerome Kaba Aperiba
AU  - George Hector Amonoo
AU  - Dominic Nyarko
AU  - Paul Kofi Awuah
AU  - Gifty Sefaah Owusu
AU  - Lynna Naa Adede Obeng
AU  - Gilbert Dagoe
AU  - Agyapong Kwame Addai
AU  - Sandra Frimpomaa
AU  - Abigail Boahemaa Boateng
AU  - Saviour Katamani
AU  - Charles Sarkodie
AU  - Mark Bonnir
Y1  - 2022/10/28
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 212
EP  - 220
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.11
AB  - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) implementation are paramount in reducing healthcare-associated infections through Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) practices in healthcare facilities. This study assessed the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene status in selected urban healthcare facilities. This assessment employed onsite observations and structured interviews using pre-defined Water and Sanitation for Health Facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) indicators. Hand hygiene had the highest assessed indicators meeting the required standards (70%) followed by the Water domain with 64%. Facility environment, cleanliness and disinfection had about 62% of its indicators meeting standards. Only 20.8% of indicators assessed on healthcare waste met standards with about 38% failing to meet standards. Sanitation had 30% of its indicators meeting standards. The management domain had the least indicators meeting standards (4.5%) with over 50% of indicators not meeting the standards. There is an urgent need for the supply of sanitation and healthcare waste logistics to healthcare facilities assessed and a paradigm shift in the area of management focusing on orientations of other healthcare professionals on WASH. Furthermore, the delegation of WASH implementation activities to healthcare professionals is key to ensuring effective implementation. Water quality assessment should be prioritized in future studies.
VL  - 8
IS  - 4
ER  -

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