Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria

Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima; Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai; Abolude David Sunday; Yahya Ocholi; Muhammad Namadi Muktar

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria

Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima, Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai, Abolude David Sunday, Yahya Ocholi, Muhammad Namadi Muktar

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 8, Issue 4)

Received: 20 July 2022 Accepted: 22 September 2022 Published: 29 October 2022

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The microbiological examination and monitoring of water sources is commonly used worldwide to ensure safety where by contamination with human and animal excreta could pose serious risks to the community. The sources of microbial contamination of water are numerous and have severe implications for public health. This study determines the seasonal dynamics of microbial counts from a hospital wastewater in Zaria. The Microbial analyses was determined within the hospital using the effluent from the wastewater treatment plant to quantitatively ascertain the total coliform count by presumptive, confirmatory and completed test methods while heterotrophic count was assessed by Spread plate method. Multiple Tube Fermentation technique using Most Probable Number table was used for enumeration of coliform count. The result shows significant difference between dry and wet seasons. At P>0.05, Coliform counts was (35.17± 9.58 / 50.50 ± 9.85 dry and 10.50 ± 1.75b / 27.17± 2.70b wet seasons), Heterotrophic count was (304.00±26.00 / 300.17±34.20 dry and 277.67±30.99 / 234.67±46.61wet seasons) for two seasons each respectively, highest concentrations was obtained in dry seasons. High counts of Coliform in this study indicates fecal/sewage contamination and was found to be above acceptable threshold of WHO, FAO and NESREA while heterotrophic count were within acceptable standards and guideline for both NESREA and FAO but above acceptable limits for WHO. Therefore the microbial load (Coliform) is highly contaminated in the wastewater and will cause health implications to humans and the environment.

Published in	Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 8, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12
Page(s)	221-224
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Coliform Count, Heterotrophic Count, Hospital, Wastewater, Seasonal

References

[1]	UN (United Nations) (2019). Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sasnitation. United Nations, New York. ISBN 9789211013702. OCLC 1107804829.
[2]	Tamil, S. A; Anjugam, E; Archana, D. R; Madhan, B and Kannappan, S (2012). Isolation and characterization of Bacteria from tannery Effluent Treatment Plant and their Tolerance to heavy metals and antibodies. Asian Journal of Exp. Biological, 3: 34-41.
[3]	Mushtaq, N; Singh, D. V; Bhat, R. A; Dervash, M. A and Hameed, O. B (2020). Freshwater Contamination sources and Hazards to Aquatic Biota. Freshwater Pollution Dynamics and Remediation. Https:doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8277-2_3.
[4]	Omoruyi, M. I; Ibeh, I. N; Ogboghodo, B. T and BelloOsagie, O. I. (2011). Antibiograms and Mutagenicity Evaluation of Hospital Waste water from University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City. European Journal of Scientific Research, 52 (2): 226-235.
[5]	Kumar, M and Kumar, R (2013). Assessment of physicochemical properties of groundwater in granite mining area in Goramachia, Jhansi (India). International Resource Journal of environmental Science, 2: 19-24.
[6]	Aboh, E. A; Giwa, F. J; and Giwa, A (2015). Microbiological assessment of well waters in Samaru, Zaria, Kaduna, State Nigeria. Annual African Medicine, 14 (1): 32-38.
[7]	Caroline, A; Christopher, B; Rafi, H. R and Ralf, O. P (2015). Microbial pathogens in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Hamburg. Institute of wastewater management and water protection, Hamburg, Germany. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 78: 381-387.
[8]	Nurliyana, M. R; Sahdan, M. Z; Wibowo, K. M; Muslihati, A; Saim, H; Ahmad, S. A; Sari, Y and Mansor, Z. (2018). The detection method of Escherichia coli in water Resources: A Review. IOP Conference. Series. Journal of physics: Conf. Series 995 (2018) 012065.
[9]	Abdullahi, M. S (2013). Toxic effects of lead in humans: an overview. Global Advanced Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology, 2 (6): 157-162.
[10]	Shalinee, N and Ademola, O. O (2014). Treated wastewater effluent as a source of microbial pollution of surface water resources. International Journal of Environmental Resources and public Health, 11: 249-270.
[11]	Okoh, A. I; Sibanda, T and Gusha, S. S (2010). Inadequately treated waste-water as a source of human enteric viruses in the environment. International Journal of Environmental Resources and Public Health, 7: 2620–2637.
[12]	APHA (1992). Standard methods for analysis of water and wastewater. 18th edition. American Public Health Association, Inc., Washington D. C.
[13]	Specks, M. L (1976). Compendium of methods for microbiological Examination of foods. American Public Health Association, Washington D. C.
[14]	Wyasu, G and Okereke N. Z. J (2012). The influence of hospital wastewater and food samples grown within Ahmadu Bello University teaching hospital, Zaria- Nigeria on its receiving environment. Advance Applied Science Resources, 3: 1686-1690.
[15]	Sylvester, C. T and Ebinyo, R. I (2015). A Review of the microbial quality of potable water sources in Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Biological and Basic Research. 1 (1): 12-19.
[16]	Muhammad, T; Alia A. Muhammad, W; Muhammad, H. R; Muhammad, A. Z; Shafaqat A…. and Saad. A (2020). Physicochemical and Bacteriological Characterization of Industrial wastewater being discharged to surface water bodies: Significant Threat to Environmental Pollution and Human Health. Journal of Chemistry 20: 1-10.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima, Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai, Abolude David Sunday, Yahya Ocholi, Muhammad Namadi Muktar. (2022). Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 8(4), 221-224. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima; Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai; Abolude David Sunday; Yahya Ocholi; Muhammad Namadi Muktar. Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria. J. Health Environ. Res. 2022, 8(4), 221-224. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima, Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai, Abolude David Sunday, Yahya Ocholi, Muhammad Namadi Muktar. Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria. J Health Environ Res. 2022;8(4):221-224. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12,
  author = {Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima and Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai and Abolude David Sunday and Yahya Ocholi and Muhammad Namadi Muktar},
  title = {Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {221-224},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20220804.12},
  abstract = {The microbiological examination and monitoring of water sources is commonly used worldwide to ensure safety where by contamination with human and animal excreta could pose serious risks to the community. The sources of microbial contamination of water are numerous and have severe implications for public health. This study determines the seasonal dynamics of microbial counts from a hospital wastewater in Zaria. The Microbial analyses was determined within the hospital using the effluent from the wastewater treatment plant to quantitatively ascertain the total coliform count by presumptive, confirmatory and completed test methods while heterotrophic count was assessed by Spread plate method. Multiple Tube Fermentation technique using Most Probable Number table was used for enumeration of coliform count. The result shows significant difference between dry and wet seasons. At P>0.05, Coliform counts was (35.17± 9.58 / 50.50 ± 9.85 dry and 10.50 ± 1.75b / 27.17± 2.70b wet seasons), Heterotrophic count was (304.00±26.00 / 300.17±34.20 dry and 277.67±30.99 / 234.67±46.61wet seasons) for two seasons each respectively, highest concentrations was obtained in dry seasons. High counts of Coliform in this study indicates fecal/sewage contamination and was found to be above acceptable threshold of WHO, FAO and NESREA while heterotrophic count were within acceptable standards and guideline for both NESREA and FAO but above acceptable limits for WHO. Therefore the microbial load (Coliform) is highly contaminated in the wastewater and will cause health implications to humans and the environment.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria
AU  - Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima
AU  - Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai
AU  - Abolude David Sunday
AU  - Yahya Ocholi
AU  - Muhammad Namadi Muktar
Y1  - 2022/10/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 221
EP  - 224
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12
AB  - The microbiological examination and monitoring of water sources is commonly used worldwide to ensure safety where by contamination with human and animal excreta could pose serious risks to the community. The sources of microbial contamination of water are numerous and have severe implications for public health. This study determines the seasonal dynamics of microbial counts from a hospital wastewater in Zaria. The Microbial analyses was determined within the hospital using the effluent from the wastewater treatment plant to quantitatively ascertain the total coliform count by presumptive, confirmatory and completed test methods while heterotrophic count was assessed by Spread plate method. Multiple Tube Fermentation technique using Most Probable Number table was used for enumeration of coliform count. The result shows significant difference between dry and wet seasons. At P>0.05, Coliform counts was (35.17± 9.58 / 50.50 ± 9.85 dry and 10.50 ± 1.75b / 27.17± 2.70b wet seasons), Heterotrophic count was (304.00±26.00 / 300.17±34.20 dry and 277.67±30.99 / 234.67±46.61wet seasons) for two seasons each respectively, highest concentrations was obtained in dry seasons. High counts of Coliform in this study indicates fecal/sewage contamination and was found to be above acceptable threshold of WHO, FAO and NESREA while heterotrophic count were within acceptable standards and guideline for both NESREA and FAO but above acceptable limits for WHO. Therefore the microbial load (Coliform) is highly contaminated in the wastewater and will cause health implications to humans and the environment.
VL  - 8
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima

Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Abolude David Sunday

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Yahya Ocholi

Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Muhammad Namadi Muktar

Departments of Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima, Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai, Abolude David Sunday, Yahya Ocholi, Muhammad Namadi Muktar. (2022). Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 8(4), 221-224. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima; Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai; Abolude David Sunday; Yahya Ocholi; Muhammad Namadi Muktar. Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria. J. Health Environ. Res. 2022, 8(4), 221-224. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima, Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai, Abolude David Sunday, Yahya Ocholi, Muhammad Namadi Muktar. Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria. J Health Environ Res. 2022;8(4):221-224. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12,
  author = {Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima and Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai and Abolude David Sunday and Yahya Ocholi and Muhammad Namadi Muktar},
  title = {Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {221-224},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20220804.12},
  abstract = {The microbiological examination and monitoring of water sources is commonly used worldwide to ensure safety where by contamination with human and animal excreta could pose serious risks to the community. The sources of microbial contamination of water are numerous and have severe implications for public health. This study determines the seasonal dynamics of microbial counts from a hospital wastewater in Zaria. The Microbial analyses was determined within the hospital using the effluent from the wastewater treatment plant to quantitatively ascertain the total coliform count by presumptive, confirmatory and completed test methods while heterotrophic count was assessed by Spread plate method. Multiple Tube Fermentation technique using Most Probable Number table was used for enumeration of coliform count. The result shows significant difference between dry and wet seasons. At P>0.05, Coliform counts was (35.17± 9.58 / 50.50 ± 9.85 dry and 10.50 ± 1.75b / 27.17± 2.70b wet seasons), Heterotrophic count was (304.00±26.00 / 300.17±34.20 dry and 277.67±30.99 / 234.67±46.61wet seasons) for two seasons each respectively, highest concentrations was obtained in dry seasons. High counts of Coliform in this study indicates fecal/sewage contamination and was found to be above acceptable threshold of WHO, FAO and NESREA while heterotrophic count were within acceptable standards and guideline for both NESREA and FAO but above acceptable limits for WHO. Therefore the microbial load (Coliform) is highly contaminated in the wastewater and will cause health implications to humans and the environment.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Seasonal Dynamics of Microbiological Quality in a Hospital Wastewater, Zaria, Nigeria
AU  - Abdullahi Ahmed Fatima
AU  - Abdullahi Shuaibu Akpai
AU  - Abolude David Sunday
AU  - Yahya Ocholi
AU  - Muhammad Namadi Muktar
Y1  - 2022/10/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 221
EP  - 224
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220804.12
AB  - The microbiological examination and monitoring of water sources is commonly used worldwide to ensure safety where by contamination with human and animal excreta could pose serious risks to the community. The sources of microbial contamination of water are numerous and have severe implications for public health. This study determines the seasonal dynamics of microbial counts from a hospital wastewater in Zaria. The Microbial analyses was determined within the hospital using the effluent from the wastewater treatment plant to quantitatively ascertain the total coliform count by presumptive, confirmatory and completed test methods while heterotrophic count was assessed by Spread plate method. Multiple Tube Fermentation technique using Most Probable Number table was used for enumeration of coliform count. The result shows significant difference between dry and wet seasons. At P>0.05, Coliform counts was (35.17± 9.58 / 50.50 ± 9.85 dry and 10.50 ± 1.75b / 27.17± 2.70b wet seasons), Heterotrophic count was (304.00±26.00 / 300.17±34.20 dry and 277.67±30.99 / 234.67±46.61wet seasons) for two seasons each respectively, highest concentrations was obtained in dry seasons. High counts of Coliform in this study indicates fecal/sewage contamination and was found to be above acceptable threshold of WHO, FAO and NESREA while heterotrophic count were within acceptable standards and guideline for both NESREA and FAO but above acceptable limits for WHO. Therefore the microbial load (Coliform) is highly contaminated in the wastewater and will cause health implications to humans and the environment.
VL  - 8
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download