American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences

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Analysis of Advantages of Gold (Au) Wash Solution for Chemical Analysis of Soil and Water Samples in Sundarbans by IPC-MS

Received: 28 June 2014    Accepted: 07 August 2014    Published: 30 September 2014
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Abstract

The Sundarbans is the largest, biologically richest, and most extensive mangrove forest in the world. Heritiera fomes (Sundri) tree is the most important ecologically dominant and economically valuable tree species in the Sundarbans. However, a serious disease (top dying) of H. fomes in Sundarbans is affecting millions of the trees. The loss of H. fomes will have a major impact on the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, as well as lead to economic losses. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focusing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible. Nine plots were selected for sampling of soil, water, and vegetation in order to categorize different areas in terms of their intensity of top-dying. 63 soil samples and 9 water samples were tested, mainly by ICPMS, to investigate certain parameters of the soil and water, such as Sn, Exchangeable K, Soil pH, Pb, Zn, Ni, soil pH, CEC, soil nutrients, soil moisture content, and elemental concentrations of 32 other elements. Most of the elements studied had no significant correlation with the top dying of Heritiera fomes. However, Sn, Exchangeable K, and soil pH were significantly related, and three elements, namely Pb, Zn, Ni, were also close to significance. Sn concentration is negatively associated with top dying. Soil pH varied significantly in the different plots. Exchangeable K was positively associated with the tree diameter whether the top dying was severe or mild. Of the hypotheses previously put forward to explain top-dying, the present results do not support enhanced salinity as the cause. It is likely that several of the above-mentioned environmental factors interact with each other to induce top dying in Sundri. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.12
Published in American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 5, October 2014)
Page(s) 108-118
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Chemical Analyses, Gold Wash Solution, Causal Factors, Heavy Metal Concentrations, Heritiera Fomes, Mangrove, Sundarbans, Top-Dying

References
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[2] Bakshi, B. K. 1954. Wilt disease of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb due to Fusarium solani Sensu Snyder and Hensen. Natural Nature 174: 278-291.
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[4] Chaffey, D. R; Miller, F.R; Sandom, J. H. 1985. A forest inventory of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh, Main report, Project Report No.140, 196 pp; Overseas Development Administration, London, U.K:195-196.
[5] Chaudhury, A.M. (1962). Working Plan of Sundarbans Forest Division, for the period from 1960-61 to 1979-80, Vol I, II, and III. Forest Department.
[6] Chowdhury, J. H. 1973. Preliminary report of the investigation of the top dying of Sundri in the Sundarbans. BFRI, Chittagong, Bangladesh, 2 p.
[7] Chowdhury, A.M. 1968. Working Plan of Sundarbans Forest Division for the period from 1960-61 to 1961-80, 82 p. East Pakistan Government Press, Dacca.
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[9] Faizuddin, M. 2003. Research on the Top Dying of Sundri in Bangladesh: 43, Mangrove Silviculture Division, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Khulna, Bangldesh.
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[14] Hassan, M. M. 1988. Soil and Salinity of the Sundarbans in relation to top dying, regeneration and survival of Sundri. UPR of Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong: 9.
[15] Hassan, M. M.; Mazumder, A. H.; Islam, A. T. M. N. and Hossain, A.T. M. E. 1990. Soil, hydrology and salinity of Sundarbans in relation to top dying, regeneration and survival of Sundri (Heritiera fomes) trees. In: Rahaman, M. A.; Khandakar, K.; Ahmed, F.U. and Ali, M.O. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Seminar on Top Dying of Sundri (Heritiera fomes) Trees. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka: 1-
[16] Howlader, A. S. 1973. Report on the Preliminary investigation of Probable causes of Top-Dying, Regeneration and Survival of Sundri. Unpublished Report, BFRI, Chittagong, 9 pp.
[17] Imam, S. A. 1982. The Sundarbans and its future. In: proceedings of the Second Bangladesh National Conference on Forestry, Dhaka, Bangladesh, p.19-24.
[18] King, M. (1995). Fisheries Biology, Assessment and Management. Oxford: Fishing News Books.
[19] Landsberg, J. J. and Gower, S.T. 1997. Applications of Physiological ecology to Forest management. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
[20] Miller, J.R. (1981). Irreversible land use and the preservation of endangered species. Journal Environmental Economics and Management, 8, 19-26.
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[22] Rahman, M.A. 2003. Genetic Approach to mitigate the top Dying Problem of Heritiera fomes in the Mangrove Forests, Khulna University, Bangladesh, 87pp.
[23] Rahman, M.A. 2003. Mid-term Report on Top Dying of Sundri (Heritiera fomes) and Its Management in the Sundarbans Biodiversity Conservation Project, Khulna.109pp.
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Author Information
  • Environmental Scientist, Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF), and Founder & Chief Advisor, Health & Pollution Research Farm, Bangladesh, Present Address: 23-09-37 Avenue, Apt, No: 1, Long Island City, New York, USA

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    Awal Mohd Abdul. (2014). Analysis of Advantages of Gold (Au) Wash Solution for Chemical Analysis of Soil and Water Samples in Sundarbans by IPC-MS. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 2(5), 108-118. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.12

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    Awal Mohd Abdul. Analysis of Advantages of Gold (Au) Wash Solution for Chemical Analysis of Soil and Water Samples in Sundarbans by IPC-MS. Am. J. Biomed. Life Sci. 2014, 2(5), 108-118. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.12

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    AMA Style

    Awal Mohd Abdul. Analysis of Advantages of Gold (Au) Wash Solution for Chemical Analysis of Soil and Water Samples in Sundarbans by IPC-MS. Am J Biomed Life Sci. 2014;2(5):108-118. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.12,
      author = {Awal Mohd Abdul},
      title = {Analysis of Advantages of Gold (Au) Wash Solution for Chemical Analysis of Soil and Water Samples in Sundarbans by IPC-MS},
      journal = {American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences},
      volume = {2},
      number = {5},
      pages = {108-118},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20140205.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbls.20140205.12},
      abstract = {The Sundarbans is the largest, biologically richest, and most extensive mangrove forest in the world. Heritiera fomes (Sundri) tree is the most important ecologically dominant and economically valuable tree species in the Sundarbans. However, a serious disease (top dying) of H. fomes in Sundarbans is affecting millions of the trees. The loss of H. fomes will have a major impact on the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, as well as lead to economic losses. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focusing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible. Nine plots were selected for sampling of soil, water, and vegetation in order to categorize different areas in terms of their intensity of top-dying. 63 soil samples and 9 water samples were tested, mainly by ICPMS, to investigate certain parameters of the soil and water, such as Sn, Exchangeable K, Soil pH, Pb, Zn, Ni, soil pH, CEC, soil nutrients, soil moisture content, and elemental concentrations of 32 other elements. Most of the elements studied had no significant correlation with the top dying of Heritiera fomes. However, Sn, Exchangeable K, and soil pH were significantly related, and three elements, namely Pb, Zn, Ni, were also close to significance. Sn concentration is negatively associated with top dying. Soil pH varied significantly in the different plots. Exchangeable K was positively associated with the tree diameter whether the top dying was severe or mild. Of the hypotheses previously put forward to explain top-dying, the present results do not support enhanced salinity as the cause. It is likely that several of the above-mentioned environmental factors interact with each other to induce top dying in Sundri. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants.},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

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    T1  - Analysis of Advantages of Gold (Au) Wash Solution for Chemical Analysis of Soil and Water Samples in Sundarbans by IPC-MS
    AU  - Awal Mohd Abdul
    Y1  - 2014/09/30
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    JO  - American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences
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    AB  - The Sundarbans is the largest, biologically richest, and most extensive mangrove forest in the world. Heritiera fomes (Sundri) tree is the most important ecologically dominant and economically valuable tree species in the Sundarbans. However, a serious disease (top dying) of H. fomes in Sundarbans is affecting millions of the trees. The loss of H. fomes will have a major impact on the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, as well as lead to economic losses. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focusing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible. Nine plots were selected for sampling of soil, water, and vegetation in order to categorize different areas in terms of their intensity of top-dying. 63 soil samples and 9 water samples were tested, mainly by ICPMS, to investigate certain parameters of the soil and water, such as Sn, Exchangeable K, Soil pH, Pb, Zn, Ni, soil pH, CEC, soil nutrients, soil moisture content, and elemental concentrations of 32 other elements. Most of the elements studied had no significant correlation with the top dying of Heritiera fomes. However, Sn, Exchangeable K, and soil pH were significantly related, and three elements, namely Pb, Zn, Ni, were also close to significance. Sn concentration is negatively associated with top dying. Soil pH varied significantly in the different plots. Exchangeable K was positively associated with the tree diameter whether the top dying was severe or mild. Of the hypotheses previously put forward to explain top-dying, the present results do not support enhanced salinity as the cause. It is likely that several of the above-mentioned environmental factors interact with each other to induce top dying in Sundri. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 5
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