Ethyl Acetate Extract of <i>Senna alata</i> (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells

Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta; Keith Spriggs; Tracey Bradshaw

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Ethyl Acetate Extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells

Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta, Keith Spriggs, Tracey Bradshaw

Published in Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research (Volume 6, Issue 3)

Received: 7 November 2018 Accepted: 22 November 2018 Published: 17 December 2018

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of ethyl acetate extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb on some human carcinomas - MCF 7 (human breast), C4-2WT (prostate), HT 29 and HTC 116 (colorectal) cell lines. Screening assays carried out to determine cytotoxicity include: - MTT (3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), clonogenic cell survival, Trypan Blue exclusion and methylene blue assays. Evaluation of the results showed that the extract strongly decreased the proliferation of the carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum concentration of the extract required for 50% inhibition (GI₅₀) of the different cell lines calculated after MTT test were as follows: MCF-7 = 5.90 µg/ml, HCT 29 = 4.97 µg/ml, HCT 116 =11.86 µg/ml and C4-2WT = 9.48 µg/ml. Trypan Blue exclusion assay showed a decrease in the number of viable cells and an increase in the number of non-viable cells over 72 hrs post-treatment with the extract. Methylene blue assay showed that the number of viable cells, when their optical densities were measured over 72 hrs post-treatment, was reduced compared with the control. For clonogenic cell survival, there was an increase in cell proliferation and colony formation in the control cultures. However, cells treated with GI50 and 2X (twice) GI50 concentration of the extract showed a decrease in the number of colonies formed. The results indicate the cytotoxic potentials of the extract and therefore, suggests the use of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb in preparing recipes for the management of cancer-related ailments.

Published in	Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research (Volume 6, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12
Page(s)	44-53
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Senna alata (L) Roxb, Carcinoma Cells, Cytotoxicity, Clonogenic Cell Survival Assay

References

[1]	Saibu, G. M., James, B., A., Adu O. B., Faduyile, F. A, Fadaka O. A., Iyapo, O., Soyemi, S. S., Adekunle, B. Epidemiology and Incidence of Common Cancers in Nigeria. Journal of Cancer Biology and Research, 2017; 5 (3): 1105, 1-7.
[2]	Newman, D. J., Cragg, G. M. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. Journal of Natural Product, 2007; 70:461–477. DOI: 10.1021/np068054v.
[3]	Sahoo, N., Manchikanti, P., Dey, S. Herbal drugs: Standards and regulation. Fitoterapia. 2010; 81 (6):462–71.
[4]	Wachtel-Galor, S., Benzie, I. F. F. An Introduction to Its History, Usage, Regulation, Current Trends, and Research Needs In Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. 2011.
[5]	Onyegeme-Okerenta, B. M., Agyare, C., Bradshaw, T. D., Spriggs, K. A. Cytotoxic potential of ethanol extract of Parquetina nigrescens on MCF-7, C4-2WT, HT 29 and HTC 116 cell lines. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2018; 12 (23), pp. 310-318. DOI: 10.5897/AJPP2018.4947.
[6]	Hennebelle, T., Weniger, B., Joseph, H., Sahpaz, S., Bailleul, F. Senna alata. Fitoterapia. 2009; 80:385–393.
[7]	Ajibesin, K. K., Ekpo, B. A., Bala, D. N., Essien, E. E., Adesanya, S. A. Ethnobotanical surveyof Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2008; 115:387–412.
[8]	Mohammed, I., Ali, A. M., Aboul-Enein, S. M., Mohamed, F. M., Abou, E., Magdy, M. D., Mohammed, A. R. H. Phytochemical, cytotoxicity and antioxidant investigation of Cassia alata leaves growing in Egypt. Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, 2017; 4 (4), 97-105.
[9]	Onyegeme-Okerenta, B. M., Anacletus, F. C. Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidaemic Potentials of Senna alata and Its Effect on the Pancreas of Alloxan-Diabetic Induced Albino Rats. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International. 2017; 11 (1): 1-10. DOI: 10.9734/JALSI/2017/32731.
[10]	Onyegeme-Okerenta, B. M., Nwosu, T. M., Wegwu, M. O. Proximate and phytochemical composition of leaf extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2017; 6 (2): 320-326.
[11]	Long, Q., Xiel, Y., Huang, Y., Wu, Q., Zhang, H., Xiong, S. Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis by PEGylated liposomal quercetin in both cisplatinsensitive and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancers. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology. 2013; 9 (6):965-75.
[12]	Firn, R. D, Jones, C. G. Natural products - a simple model to explain chemical diversity. Nat Prod Rep, 2003; 20:382–391. doi: 10.1039/b208815k.
[13]	Vuorela, P., Leinonen, M., Saikku, P., Tammela, P., Rauha, J-P., Wennberg, T., Vuorela, H. Natural products in the process of finding new drug candidates. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2004; 11:1375–1389.
[14]	Gordaliza, M. Natural products as leads to anticancer drugs. Clin Transl Oncol 2007; 9: 767-776.
[15]	Karikas, G. A. Anticancer and chemopreventing natural products: some biochemical and therapeutic aspects. J Buon 2010; 15: 627-638.
[16]	Bahuguna, A., Khan, I., Bajpai, V. K., Kang, S. C. MTT assay to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of a drug. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 2017; 12:115-118.
[17]	Munshi, A., Hobbs, M., Meyn, R. E. Clonogenic Cell Survival Assay. Chemosensitivity, 2005; 1: 21-28.
[18]	Karthik Raman, Categories Analytical Techniques, Analyzing Cells and Cell Populations, Methods: In Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability with MTT Assay Protocol. Scientific Methods Search Engine for Biology & Biochemistry, 2016.
[19]	Oliver, M. H., Harrison, N. K., Bishop, J. E., Cole, P. J., Laurent, G. J. A rapid and convenient assay for counting cells cultured in micro-well plates: application for assessment of growth factors. Journal of Cell Science, 1989; 92, 513-518.
[20]	Kumar, R. S., Rajkapoor, B., Perumal, P. In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of Indigofera cassioides Rottl. Ex. DC. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2011; 4 (5):379–385.
[21]	Abdel-Hameed, E. S., Salih, A., Bazaid, S. A., Shohayeb, M. M., El-Sayed, M. M., El-Wakil, E. A. Phytochemical studies and evaluation of antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial properties of Conocarpus erectus L. growing in Taif, Saudi Arabia. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2012; 2: 93-112.
[22]	Mahavorasirikul, W., Viyanant, V., Chaijaroenkul, W., Itharat, A., Na-Bangchang, K. Cytotoxic activity of Thai medicinal plants against human cholangiocarcinoma, laryngeal and hepatocarcinoma cells in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med 2010; 10:55.
[23]	Levy, A. S., Carley, S. Cytotoxic activity of hexane extracts of Psidium guajava L (Myrtaceae) and Cassia alata L (Caesalpineaceae) in Kasumi-1 and OV2008 Cancer Cell Lines. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical research, 2012; 11 (2):201–207.
[24]	Olarte, E. I., Herrera, A. A., Villasenor, I. M., Jacinto, S. D. In vitro antitumor properties of an isolate from leaves of Cassia alata L. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention, 2013; 14 (5):3191–3196.
[25]	Raji, P., Sreenidhi, J., Sugithra, M., Renugadevi, K., Samrot, A. V. Phytochemical screening and bioactivity study of Cassia alata leaves. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 2015; 12 (Spl. Edn. 2):291– 296.
[26]	Lee, H. S., Cho, H. J,, Yu, R., Lee, K. W., Chun, H. S., Park, J. H. Y. Mechanisms underlying apoptosis-inducing effects of kaempferol in HT29 human colon cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci, 2014; 15: 2722-37.
[27]	Gutierrez-del-Río, I., Villar, C. J., Lombo, F. Therapeutic uses of kaempferol: anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity. In: GardeCerdan T, Gonzalo-Diago A, editors. ´ Kaempferol: Biosynthesis, food sources and therapeutic uses. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2016.
[28]	Lee, G. A., Choi, K. C., Hwang, K. A. Kaempferol, a phytoestrogen, suppressed triclosan-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic-related behaviors of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2017; 49: 48-57.
[29]	Bindseil, K. U., Jakupovica, J., Wolf, D., Lavayre, J., Leboul, J., van der Pyl, D. Pure compound libraries: a new perspective for natural product based drug discovery. Drug Discovery Today, 2001; 6:840–847. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6446 (01) 01856-6.
[30]	Sawicka, D., Car, H., Borawska, M. H., Niklinski, J. The anticancer activity of propolis. Fol Histoc Cyto, 2012; 50 (1): 25-37.
[31]	Ibrahim, T., Selim, D., Sema, M., Kagan, K., Ahmet, M., A., Orhan, D. Cytotoxic effect of Turkish propolis on liver, colon, breast, cervix and prostate cancer cell lines. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2015; 14 (5): 777-782.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta, Keith Spriggs, Tracey Bradshaw. (2018). Ethyl Acetate Extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells. Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research, 6(3), 44-53. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta; Keith Spriggs; Tracey Bradshaw. Ethyl Acetate Extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells. J. Cancer Treat. Res. 2018, 6(3), 44-53. doi: 10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta, Keith Spriggs, Tracey Bradshaw. Ethyl Acetate Extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Cancer Treat Res. 2018;6(3):44-53. doi: 10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12,
  author = {Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta and Keith Spriggs and Tracey Bradshaw},
  title = {Ethyl Acetate Extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells},
  journal = {Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {44-53},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jctr.20180603.12},
  abstract = {The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of ethyl acetate extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb on some human carcinomas - MCF 7 (human breast), C4-2WT (prostate), HT 29 and HTC 116 (colorectal) cell lines. Screening assays carried out to determine cytotoxicity include: - MTT (3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), clonogenic cell survival, Trypan Blue exclusion and methylene blue assays. Evaluation of the results showed that the extract strongly decreased the proliferation of the carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum concentration of the extract required for 50% inhibition (GI50) of the different cell lines calculated after MTT test were as follows: MCF-7 = 5.90 µg/ml, HCT 29 = 4.97 µg/ml, HCT 116 =11.86 µg/ml and C4-2WT = 9.48 µg/ml. Trypan Blue exclusion assay showed a decrease in the number of viable cells and an increase in the number of non-viable cells over 72 hrs post-treatment with the extract. Methylene blue assay showed that the number of viable cells, when their optical densities were measured over 72 hrs post-treatment, was reduced compared with the control. For clonogenic cell survival, there was an increase in cell proliferation and colony formation in the control cultures. However, cells treated with GI50 and 2X (twice) GI50 concentration of the extract showed a decrease in the number of colonies formed. The results indicate the cytotoxic potentials of the extract and therefore, suggests the use of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb in preparing recipes for the management of cancer-related ailments.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Ethyl Acetate Extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells
AU  - Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta
AU  - Keith Spriggs
AU  - Tracey Bradshaw
Y1  - 2018/12/17
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12
T2  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
JF  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
JO  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
SP  - 44
EP  - 53
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7790
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12
AB  - The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of ethyl acetate extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb on some human carcinomas - MCF 7 (human breast), C4-2WT (prostate), HT 29 and HTC 116 (colorectal) cell lines. Screening assays carried out to determine cytotoxicity include: - MTT (3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), clonogenic cell survival, Trypan Blue exclusion and methylene blue assays. Evaluation of the results showed that the extract strongly decreased the proliferation of the carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum concentration of the extract required for 50% inhibition (GI50) of the different cell lines calculated after MTT test were as follows: MCF-7 = 5.90 µg/ml, HCT 29 = 4.97 µg/ml, HCT 116 =11.86 µg/ml and C4-2WT = 9.48 µg/ml. Trypan Blue exclusion assay showed a decrease in the number of viable cells and an increase in the number of non-viable cells over 72 hrs post-treatment with the extract. Methylene blue assay showed that the number of viable cells, when their optical densities were measured over 72 hrs post-treatment, was reduced compared with the control. For clonogenic cell survival, there was an increase in cell proliferation and colony formation in the control cultures. However, cells treated with GI50 and 2X (twice) GI50 concentration of the extract showed a decrease in the number of colonies formed. The results indicate the cytotoxic potentials of the extract and therefore, suggests the use of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb in preparing recipes for the management of cancer-related ailments.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
Keith Spriggs

School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Tracey Bradshaw

School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta, Keith Spriggs, Tracey Bradshaw. (2018). Ethyl Acetate Extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells. Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research, 6(3), 44-53. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta; Keith Spriggs; Tracey Bradshaw. Ethyl Acetate Extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells. J. Cancer Treat. Res. 2018, 6(3), 44-53. doi: 10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta, Keith Spriggs, Tracey Bradshaw. Ethyl Acetate Extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Cancer Treat Res. 2018;6(3):44-53. doi: 10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12,
  author = {Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta and Keith Spriggs and Tracey Bradshaw},
  title = {Ethyl Acetate Extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells},
  journal = {Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {44-53},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jctr.20180603.12},
  abstract = {The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of ethyl acetate extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb on some human carcinomas - MCF 7 (human breast), C4-2WT (prostate), HT 29 and HTC 116 (colorectal) cell lines. Screening assays carried out to determine cytotoxicity include: - MTT (3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), clonogenic cell survival, Trypan Blue exclusion and methylene blue assays. Evaluation of the results showed that the extract strongly decreased the proliferation of the carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum concentration of the extract required for 50% inhibition (GI50) of the different cell lines calculated after MTT test were as follows: MCF-7 = 5.90 µg/ml, HCT 29 = 4.97 µg/ml, HCT 116 =11.86 µg/ml and C4-2WT = 9.48 µg/ml. Trypan Blue exclusion assay showed a decrease in the number of viable cells and an increase in the number of non-viable cells over 72 hrs post-treatment with the extract. Methylene blue assay showed that the number of viable cells, when their optical densities were measured over 72 hrs post-treatment, was reduced compared with the control. For clonogenic cell survival, there was an increase in cell proliferation and colony formation in the control cultures. However, cells treated with GI50 and 2X (twice) GI50 concentration of the extract showed a decrease in the number of colonies formed. The results indicate the cytotoxic potentials of the extract and therefore, suggests the use of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb in preparing recipes for the management of cancer-related ailments.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Ethyl Acetate Extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb Increases Cytotoxicity in the Human Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cells
AU  - Blessing Onyegeme-Okerenta
AU  - Keith Spriggs
AU  - Tracey Bradshaw
Y1  - 2018/12/17
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12
T2  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
JF  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
JO  - Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research
SP  - 44
EP  - 53
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7790
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jctr.20180603.12
AB  - The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of ethyl acetate extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb on some human carcinomas - MCF 7 (human breast), C4-2WT (prostate), HT 29 and HTC 116 (colorectal) cell lines. Screening assays carried out to determine cytotoxicity include: - MTT (3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), clonogenic cell survival, Trypan Blue exclusion and methylene blue assays. Evaluation of the results showed that the extract strongly decreased the proliferation of the carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum concentration of the extract required for 50% inhibition (GI50) of the different cell lines calculated after MTT test were as follows: MCF-7 = 5.90 µg/ml, HCT 29 = 4.97 µg/ml, HCT 116 =11.86 µg/ml and C4-2WT = 9.48 µg/ml. Trypan Blue exclusion assay showed a decrease in the number of viable cells and an increase in the number of non-viable cells over 72 hrs post-treatment with the extract. Methylene blue assay showed that the number of viable cells, when their optical densities were measured over 72 hrs post-treatment, was reduced compared with the control. For clonogenic cell survival, there was an increase in cell proliferation and colony formation in the control cultures. However, cells treated with GI50 and 2X (twice) GI50 concentration of the extract showed a decrease in the number of colonies formed. The results indicate the cytotoxic potentials of the extract and therefore, suggests the use of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Senna alata (L) Roxb in preparing recipes for the management of cancer-related ailments.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download