| Peer-Reviewed

Model of Self-organizing Knowledge Representation and Organizational Knowledge Transformation

Received: 24 February 2020    Accepted: 16 March 2020    Published: 24 March 2020
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The purpose of the paper is development of a conceptual model for the representation of knowledge as an active intellectual substance and, on this basis, study of metaphysics of knowledge transformation process being produced both individually and collectively in the practice of organizations. The first principle of knowledge engineering, as Edward Albert Feigenbaum noted, says that the power in solving problems that an intellectual subject (person or machine) manifests in the process of activity depends primarily on its knowledge base, and only secondly on the methods of inference used. Strength is hidden in knowledge. The process of producing knowledge is permanent and does not depend on whether an individual is going to use this knowledge or not. Knowledge constantly produces new knowledge regardless of the owner's desire. Besides that, knowledge can’t arise from nothing, but always – from some knowledge obtained earlier. As well as the intelligence, knowledge is an emergent instance arising from the collective interaction of a lot of intellectual atomic elements of knowledge (knowledge quanta). Idiosyncrasy of this interaction is expressed precisely in the creation of new knowledge. Due to postulating the knowledge self-organizing, the hierarchical knowledge structures in memory and the process of thinking as a kind of syntax for the procedure of new knowledge generation are described. This is an effort towards understanding the memory mechanisms, the process of thinking, the sources of heuristic knowledge just through the inner nature of knowledge. Also, based on the knowledge self-organization principle, an archetype of the appropriate knowledge-based system architecture is presented too. As an implementation of the concept, the perceptual act model is described, and on its base, a possible scenario for the behavior of a robot meeting an obstacle in its path is considered. As the mutual transformation of tacit and explicit knowledge makes new knowledge, the impact of the self-organization of knowledge on the transformation process as well as conditions of self-organization of both individual knowledge and organizational knowledge are analyzed in detail. Finally, modification of the known model of knowledge dimensions by Nonaka and Takeuchi is proposed. Because of the native activity of knowledge, it is impossible to build a knowledge management system without considering the internal structure of knowledge and its emergent ability to self-organize. Ensuring the natural process of knowledge development at all ontological levels in an organization is an essential prerequisite for the evolution of values in this organization.

Published in American Journal of Artificial Intelligence (Volume 4, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajai.20200401.11
Page(s) 1-19
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Knowledge Representation Model, Knowledge Self-organizing, Knowledge Management, Knowledge Transformation, Model of Knowledge Dimensions

References
[1] Searle, John Rogers (1984). Minds, brains and science: The 1984 Reith lectures. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[2] Luger, George F. (2009). Artificial intelligence: Structures and strategies for complex problem solving (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
[3] Chen, Serena H., Jakeman, Anthony J., Norton, John P. (2008). Artificial Intelligence techniques: An introduction to their use for modelling environmental systems. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 78, 379-400.
[4] Corea, Francesco (2018). AI Knowledge Map: How To Classify AI Technologies. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2018/08/22/ai-knowledge-map-how-to-classify-ai-technologies/#60792f407773.
[5] McKinsey Global Institute (2018). The promise and challenge of the age of artificial intelligence. Briefing note prepared for the Tallinn digital summit October 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/artificial-intelligence/the-promise-and-challenge-of-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence.
[6] Zadeh, Lotfi A. (1994). Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks, and Soft Computing. Communications of the ACM, 37 (3), 77-84.
[7] Ding, S., Li, H., Su, C. et al. (2013). Evolutionary artificial neural networks: a review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 39, 251-260.
[8] Xin Yao, Senior Member, IEEE, and Yong Liu (1997). A New Evolutionary System for Evolving Artificial Neural Networks. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 8 (3), 694-713.
[9] Xin Yao (1993). A Review of Evolutionary Artificial Neural Networks. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 4, 539-567.
[10] Mnih, V., Kavukcuoglu, K., Silver, D. et al. (2015). Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature, 518, 529–533.
[11] Mnih, Volodymyr, Kavukcuoglu, Koray, Silver, David, Graves, Alex, Antonoglou, Ioannis, Wierstra, Daan, Riedmiller, Martin (2013). Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning. arXiv: 1312.5602. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5602.
[12] Nguyen, Anh, Yosinski, Jason, Clune, Jeff (2015). Deep Neural Networks Are Easily Fooled: High Confidence Predictions for Unrecognizable Images. The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 427-436.
[13] Elbeltagi, Emad, Hegazy, Tarek, Grierson, Donald (2005). Comparison among five evolutionary-based optimization algorithms. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 19 (1), 43-53.
[14] Long, Qiang, Wu, Changzhi, Huang, Tingwen, Wang, Xiangyu (2015). A genetic algorithm for unconstrained multi-objective optimization. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 22, 1-14.
[15] Richter-von Hagen, Cornelia, Ratz, Dietmar, Povalej, Roman (2005). Towards Self-Organizing Knowledge Intensive Processes. Journal of Universal Knowledge Management, 0 (2), 148-169.
[16] Chen, Zhen-Yao, Kuo, R. J., Hu, Tung-Lai (2016). An integrated hybrid algorithm based on nature inspired evolutionary for radial basis function neural network learning. International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, 25 (2), 1650004 (25 pages).
[17] Chi-Keong Goh, Eu-Jin Teoh, Kay Chen Tan (2008). Hybrid Multiobjective Evolutionary Design for Artificial Neural Networks. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 19 (9), 1531-1548.
[18] Christou, Vasileios; Tsipouras, Markos G.; Giannakeas, Nikolaos; Tzallas, Alexandros T.; Brown, Gavin (2019). Hybrid extreme learning machine approach for heterogeneous neural networks. Neurocomputing, 361, 137-150.
[19] Marghny, Mohamed (2011). Rules extraction from constructively trained neural networks based on genetic algorithms. Neurocomputing, 74 (17), 3180-3192.
[20] Venkatesan, D., Kannan, K., Saravanan, R. (2009). A genetic algorithm-based artificial neural network model for the optimization of machining processes. Neural Computing & Applications., 18 (2), 135-140.
[21] Yedjour, Dounia; Benyettou, Abdelkader; Yedjour, Hayat (2018). Symbolic interpretation of artificial neural networks using genetic algorithms. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, 26 (5), 2465-2475.
[22] Prigogine I., Stengers I. (1984). Order out of chaos: Man's new dialogue with nature. London, UK: Heinemann.
[23] Gutierrez-Navarro, Daniel and Lopez-Aguayo, Servando. Solving ordinary differential equations using genetic algorithms and the Taylor series matrix method (2018). Journal of Physics Communications, 2 (11). Retrieved from: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2399-6528/aaedd2/pdf.
[24] Raja Muhammad Asif Zahoor, Khan, Junaid Ali, Qureshi I. M. (2019) Evolutionary Computational Intelligence in Solving the Fractional Differential Equations. 11th Asian Conference, ACIIDS 2019, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, April 8–11, 2019, Proceedings, Part I, 231-240.
[25] Tsoulos, Ioannis G, Lagaris, Isaac E. (2006). Solving differential equations with genetic programming. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 7 (1), 33-54.
[26] Tsoulos, Ioannis G., Gavrilis, Dimitris, Glavas, Euripidis (2009). Solving differential equations with constructed neural networks. Neurocomputing, 72 (10–12), 2385-2391.
[27] Criado, N. (2013). Using norms to control open multi-agent systems. AI Communications, 26 (3), 317-318.
[28] Metcalf, Lynn; Askay, David A.; Rosenberg, Louis B. (2019). Keeping Humans in the Loop: Pooling Knowledge through Artificial Swarm Intelligence to Improve Business Decision Making. California Management Review, 61 (4), 84-109.
[29] Hosny Ahmed Abbas, Samir Ibrahim Shaheen, Mohammed Hussein Amin. Organization of Multi-Agent Systems: An Overview (2015). International Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 4 (3), 46-57.
[30] Zou, Yuanyuan; Su, Xu; Li, Shaoyuan; Niu, Yugang; Li, Dewei (2019). Event-triggered distributed predictive control for asynchronous coordination of multi-agent systems. Automatica, 99, 92-98.
[31] Wang, Xiangke; Zeng, Zhiwen; Cong, Yirui (2016). Multi-agent distributed coordination control: Developments and directions via graph viewpoint. Neurocomputing, 199, 204-218.
[32] Barbosa, José, Leitão, Paulo, Adam Emmanuel, Trentesaux, Damien (2015). Dynamic self-organization in holonic multi-agent manufacturing systems: The ADACOR evolution. Computers in Industry, 66, 99-111.
[33] Leitão P. (2013) Towards Self-organized Service-Oriented Multi-agent Systems. In: Borangiu T., Thomas A., Trentesaux D. (eds). Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi Agent Manufacturing and Robotics. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 472. Berlin, DE: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
[34] Rodriguez S., Gaud N., Hilaire V., Galland S., Koukam A. (2007) An Analysis and Design Concept for Self-organization in Holonic Multi-agent Systems. In: Brueckner S. A., Hassas S., Jelasity M., Yamins D. (eds) Engineering Self-Organising Systems. ESOA 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4335. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
[35] Unland R. (2003) A Holonic Multi-agent System for Robust, Flexible, and Reliable Medical Diagnosis. In: Meersman R., Tari Z. (eds) On The Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2003: OTM 2003 Workshops. OTM 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2889. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
[36] Johnson, Norman L. (1998). Collective Problem Solving: Functionality beyond the Individual. Special Issue on Simulation of Social Agents. Kerstin Dautenhahn, Editor. Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA. Retrieved from: https://www.uni-marburg.de/fb12/arbeitsgruppen/datenbionik/pdf/pubs/1999/ultsch99data.
[37] Hanser, T., Barber, C., Rosser, E., Vessey, J. D., Webb, S. J., & Werner, S. (2014). Self organising hypothesis networks: a new approach for representing and structuring SAR knowledge. Journal of cheminformatics, 6, 21. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4048587/.
[38] Minsky M. (1985). The Society of Mind. New York, US: Simon & Schuster Inc.
[39] Wagner William P. (2017). Trends in expert system development: A longitudinal content analysis of over thirty years of expert system case studies. Expert Systems with Applications, 76, 85-96.
[40] Sahin, S., Tolun M. R. Hassanpour R. (2012). Hybrid expert systems: A survey of current approaches and applications. Expert Systems with Applications, 39 (4), 4609-4617.
[41] Tong-Seng Quah, Chew-Lim Tan, Krishnamurthy S. Raman, Bobby Srinivasan (1996). Towards integrating rule-based expert systems and neural networks. Decision Support Systems, 17 (2), 99-118.
[42] Yoon, Youngohc, Guimaraes, Tor, Swales, George (1994). Integrating artificial neural networks with rule-based expert systems. Decision Support Systems, 11 (5), 497-507.
[43] Sowa J. F. (ed.) (1991). Principles of Semantic Networks. Explorations in the Representation of Knowledge. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
[44] Berners-Lee, Tim (1998). Semantic Web Road map. Retrieved from: https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Semantic.html.
[45] Brewster C.; O'Hara K. (2004). Knowledge representation with ontologies: the present and future. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 19 (1), 72-81.
[46] Minsky, M. (1975). A Framework for Representing Knowledge. In: P. H. Winston (ed.). The Psychology of Computer Vision. New York, US: McGraw Hill.
[47] Yen, John; Neches, Robert; MacGregor, Robert (1989). Classification-Based Programming: A Deep Integration of Frames and Rules. DTIC ADA211279. Retrieved from: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA211279.
[48] Console, L., Rossi, G. (1989). Using Prolog for building frog, a hybrid knowledge representation system. New Generation Computing, 6 (4), 361–388.
[49] Kohonen Ɍ. (2001). Self-Organizing Maps /Ɍ. Kohonen. – 3 ed. Berlin, DE: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
[50] Ultsch, A. (1999). Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery with Emergent Self-Organizing Feature Maps for Multivariate Time Series. Retrieved from: https://www.uni-marburg.de/fb12/arbeitsgruppen/datenbionik/pdf/pubs/1999/ultsch99data.
[51] Newell A, Simon H. A. (1972). Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
[52] Rajeswari P. V. N., Prasad T. V. (2012) Hybrid Systems for Knowledge Representation in Artificial Intelligence. International Journal of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence, 1 (8), 31-36.
[53] Bundy A., Wallen L. (1984). KL-One/KL-Two. In: Bundy A., Wallen L. (eds) Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence Tools. Symbolic Computation (Artificial Intelligence). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
[54] Sowa, J. F. (2000). Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
[55] Serenko, Alexander (2013). Meta-analysis of scientometric research of knowledge management: Discovering the identity of the discipline. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17 (5), 773-812.
[56] Fteimi, Nora (2015). Analyzing the literature on knowledge management frameworks: Towards a normative knowledge management classification schema. ECIS 2015 Completed Research Papers. Paper 51. Retrieved from: http://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2015_cr/51/.
[57] Holsapple, C. W., Joshi, K. D. (1999). Description and analysis of existing knowledge management Frameworks. HICSS '99 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, V. 1, 1072. Retrieved from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.99.3050&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
[58] Nonaka, Ikudjiro and Takeuchi, Hirotaka (1995). The knowledge creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of Innovation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
[59] Hodkinson, Gerard P., Sparrow, Paul R. (2002). Competent organization: Psychological analysis of the process of strategic management. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
[60] Lyles, Marjorie A., Schwenk, Charles R. (2007). Top management, strategy and organizational knowledge structures. Journal of Management Studies, 29 (2), 155-174.
[61] Kind, A. (2018). How imagination gives rise to knowledge. In: F. Macpherson & F. Dorsch (Eds). Perceptual Imagination and Perceptual Memory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
[62] Kashchenko, Serguey (2015). Models of Wave Memory. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG.
[63] Lebedev A. N., Myshkin I. Yu., Mayorov V. V. (1990). The wave model of memory. In: Holden A. V., Kryukov V. I. (eds.) Neurocomputers and attention. Vol. 1. Neurobiology, synchronization and chaos, 53–59. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
[64] Bekhtereva, N. P. (1978). The neurophysiological aspects of human mental activity (2d ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
[65] Hubel, David H. and Wiesel, Torsten N. (2005). Brain and visual perception: the story of a 25-year collaboration. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
[66] Borodulina A. (2019) Application of 3D human pose estimation for motion capture and character animation. University of Oulu, Degree Program in Computer Science and Engineering. Master’s thesis, 57 p. Retrieved from: http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfioulu-201906262670.pdf.
[67] Raut Smita, Kokare Supriya, Shere Sonali, Bansode Priyanka, Prof. J. N. Ekatpure. (2016) Animation of 3D Human Model Using Markerless Motion Capture. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 4 (VIII), 210-216. Retrieved from: https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=4646.
[68] Simon, Herbert A. (1978). Rationality as process and as product of thought. Richard T. Ely Lecture. American Economic Review, 68 (2), 1-16.
[69] Moroz, О. From knowledge management system to knowledge driven system. МНТК "АВІА", North America, Аpr. 2019. Retrieved from: http://conference.nau.edu.ua/index.php/AVIA/AVIA2019/paper/view/6082/4717.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Oleg Vasylovych Moroz. (2020). Model of Self-organizing Knowledge Representation and Organizational Knowledge Transformation. American Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 4(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajai.20200401.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Oleg Vasylovych Moroz. Model of Self-organizing Knowledge Representation and Organizational Knowledge Transformation. Am. J. Artif. Intell. 2020, 4(1), 1-19. doi: 10.11648/j.ajai.20200401.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Oleg Vasylovych Moroz. Model of Self-organizing Knowledge Representation and Organizational Knowledge Transformation. Am J Artif Intell. 2020;4(1):1-19. doi: 10.11648/j.ajai.20200401.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajai.20200401.11,
      author = {Oleg Vasylovych Moroz},
      title = {Model of Self-organizing Knowledge Representation and Organizational Knowledge Transformation},
      journal = {American Journal of Artificial Intelligence},
      volume = {4},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1-19},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajai.20200401.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajai.20200401.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajai.20200401.11},
      abstract = {The purpose of the paper is development of a conceptual model for the representation of knowledge as an active intellectual substance and, on this basis, study of metaphysics of knowledge transformation process being produced both individually and collectively in the practice of organizations. The first principle of knowledge engineering, as Edward Albert Feigenbaum noted, says that the power in solving problems that an intellectual subject (person or machine) manifests in the process of activity depends primarily on its knowledge base, and only secondly on the methods of inference used. Strength is hidden in knowledge. The process of producing knowledge is permanent and does not depend on whether an individual is going to use this knowledge or not. Knowledge constantly produces new knowledge regardless of the owner's desire. Besides that, knowledge can’t arise from nothing, but always – from some knowledge obtained earlier. As well as the intelligence, knowledge is an emergent instance arising from the collective interaction of a lot of intellectual atomic elements of knowledge (knowledge quanta). Idiosyncrasy of this interaction is expressed precisely in the creation of new knowledge. Due to postulating the knowledge self-organizing, the hierarchical knowledge structures in memory and the process of thinking as a kind of syntax for the procedure of new knowledge generation are described. This is an effort towards understanding the memory mechanisms, the process of thinking, the sources of heuristic knowledge just through the inner nature of knowledge. Also, based on the knowledge self-organization principle, an archetype of the appropriate knowledge-based system architecture is presented too. As an implementation of the concept, the perceptual act model is described, and on its base, a possible scenario for the behavior of a robot meeting an obstacle in its path is considered. As the mutual transformation of tacit and explicit knowledge makes new knowledge, the impact of the self-organization of knowledge on the transformation process as well as conditions of self-organization of both individual knowledge and organizational knowledge are analyzed in detail. Finally, modification of the known model of knowledge dimensions by Nonaka and Takeuchi is proposed. Because of the native activity of knowledge, it is impossible to build a knowledge management system without considering the internal structure of knowledge and its emergent ability to self-organize. Ensuring the natural process of knowledge development at all ontological levels in an organization is an essential prerequisite for the evolution of values in this organization.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Model of Self-organizing Knowledge Representation and Organizational Knowledge Transformation
    AU  - Oleg Vasylovych Moroz
    Y1  - 2020/03/24
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajai.20200401.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajai.20200401.11
    T2  - American Journal of Artificial Intelligence
    JF  - American Journal of Artificial Intelligence
    JO  - American Journal of Artificial Intelligence
    SP  - 1
    EP  - 19
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2639-9733
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajai.20200401.11
    AB  - The purpose of the paper is development of a conceptual model for the representation of knowledge as an active intellectual substance and, on this basis, study of metaphysics of knowledge transformation process being produced both individually and collectively in the practice of organizations. The first principle of knowledge engineering, as Edward Albert Feigenbaum noted, says that the power in solving problems that an intellectual subject (person or machine) manifests in the process of activity depends primarily on its knowledge base, and only secondly on the methods of inference used. Strength is hidden in knowledge. The process of producing knowledge is permanent and does not depend on whether an individual is going to use this knowledge or not. Knowledge constantly produces new knowledge regardless of the owner's desire. Besides that, knowledge can’t arise from nothing, but always – from some knowledge obtained earlier. As well as the intelligence, knowledge is an emergent instance arising from the collective interaction of a lot of intellectual atomic elements of knowledge (knowledge quanta). Idiosyncrasy of this interaction is expressed precisely in the creation of new knowledge. Due to postulating the knowledge self-organizing, the hierarchical knowledge structures in memory and the process of thinking as a kind of syntax for the procedure of new knowledge generation are described. This is an effort towards understanding the memory mechanisms, the process of thinking, the sources of heuristic knowledge just through the inner nature of knowledge. Also, based on the knowledge self-organization principle, an archetype of the appropriate knowledge-based system architecture is presented too. As an implementation of the concept, the perceptual act model is described, and on its base, a possible scenario for the behavior of a robot meeting an obstacle in its path is considered. As the mutual transformation of tacit and explicit knowledge makes new knowledge, the impact of the self-organization of knowledge on the transformation process as well as conditions of self-organization of both individual knowledge and organizational knowledge are analyzed in detail. Finally, modification of the known model of knowledge dimensions by Nonaka and Takeuchi is proposed. Because of the native activity of knowledge, it is impossible to build a knowledge management system without considering the internal structure of knowledge and its emergent ability to self-organize. Ensuring the natural process of knowledge development at all ontological levels in an organization is an essential prerequisite for the evolution of values in this organization.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Software Engineering Department, Faculty of Cybersecurity, Computer and Software Engineering, National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine

  • Sections