Control Science and Engineering

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Modelling of Steam Turbine Generators from Heat Balance Diagram and Determination of Frequency Response

Received: 21 July 2018    Accepted: 08 August 2018    Published: 05 September 2018
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Abstract

In the power system, apart from ensuring the availability of Power, maintaining the power system frequency is of utmost important. The intent is to ensure stabilized frequency to the consumers at all times and maintain load frequency control of the power grid which requires necessarily the power load operators and regulators to manage generation and distribution services efficiently to maintain reliability of the power system frequency. In an interconnected power system the power load demand varies randomly which impacts both the frequency and tie-line power interchange. Hence, it is necessary to develop a methodology to make decisions synchronously and automatically by all grid connected generating units. The load frequency control along with restricted governor mode control address this issue and minimizes the deviations in the power grid frequency and tie-line power interchange bringing the steady state errors to zero and maintaining the balance between demand and supply in real time. Restricted governor mode control is a primary frequency control but with inclusion of a dead band of governor not exceeding + / - 0.03 Hz where primary control is blocked by the governor dead band unlike free governor mode. This ripple factor of + / - 0.03 Hz prevents continuous hunting in the governor due to very small frequency variation. Restricted governor mode control does not act in proportion to the frequency deviation like free governor and is not strictly a frequency controlling mode, rather this mode restrict sudden and large frequency deviation with an additional step load disturbance during drop of normal running frequency under contingency control which operate along with load frequency controller enhancing the generation of power. In order to ensure the same, the precision Restricted Governor Mode Control is necessary simultaneously for all the power grid connected generating stations and to define the methodology close to accurate derivation of the various parameters for the modelling of turbine is necessary. This paper describe the procedure for deriving the parameters of a steam turbo generator model of a typical 660 MW Ultra-supercritical machine from heat and mass balance diagram and the conceptual load frequency control with restricted governor mode control. The main focus of the work is to determine the various time constants and finding the frequency response of a typical steam turbine generator based on a realistic mathematical model using the heat and mass balance data with some thermodynamic assumptions. The simulated model response for various scenarios are also presented in this paper.

DOI 10.11648/j.cse.20180201.11
Published in Control Science and Engineering (Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018)
Page(s) 1-15
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

RGMO, FGMO, HBD, HP, IP, LP, LFC

References
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[2] Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Indian Electricity Grid Code) Regulations, 2010 published in Part III, Section 4 No. 115 of the Gazette of India (Extraordinary) dated 28.4.2010.
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[5] Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Indian Electricity Grid Code) Regulations, 2010 Third Amendment Regulations dated 10.08.2015.
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[7] Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Indian Electricity Grid Code) Regulations, 2010 Fifth Amendment Regulations dated 12.04.2017.
[8] Power System Analysis-Mcgraw-Hill College by Hadi Saadat.
[9] Deterministic Sizing of Frequency Bias Factor of Secondary Control by Andreas Ritter (EEH-Power System Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich).
[10] Power System Analysis- Mcgraw-Hill series Authored by John J. Grainjer and William D. Stevenson, Jr.
[11] Study of Damping Power in Interconnected Power System by Moustafa Ali Swidan, Iowa State University.
[12] Suppression of Short Term Disturbances from Renewable Resources by Load Frequency Control Considering Different Characteristics of Power Plants, IEEE P Power & Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–7, Jul. 2009. Oba, G. Shirai, R. Yokoyama, T. Niimura, and G. Fujita.
[13] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, 1st ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
[14] “A Genetic Algorithm Solution to the Governor-Turbine Dynamic Model Identification in Multi-Machine Power Systems” George K. Stefopoulos, Student Member, IEEE, Pavlos S. Georgilakis, Member, IEEE, Nikos D. Hatziargyriou, Senior Member, IEEE, and A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos, Fellow, IEEE. 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, and the European Control Conference 2005 Seville, Spain, December 12-15, 2005.
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[16] Operation Hand Book-Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity.
[17] Frequency response characteristics of an interconnected power system-A case study of regional grids in India by S. K. Soonee and S. C Saxena, Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. India.
[18] R. Oba, G. Shirai, R. Yokoyama, T. Niimura, and G. Fujita,“Suppression of Short Term Disturbances from Renewable Resources by Load Frequency Control Considering Different Characteristics of Power Plants”, IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, pp.1–7, Jul.2009.
[19] C. Zhao, U. Topcu and S. H. Low, “Frequency-based load control in power systems,” Technical Report, California Institute of Technology, 2011.
[20] Comparing and Evaluating Frequency Response characteristics of Conventional Power Plant with Wind Power Plant Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science in Engineering (MSc Eng.), Mohammad Bhuiyan and Sundaram Dinakar Division of Electric Power Engineering Department of Energy & Environment Chalmers University of Technology Goteborg, Sweden, June’2008.
[21] Dr. T. K. Sengupta, “Studies on assessment of power frequency in interconnected grid–its computer based control & protection”, 2008, thesis paper in JU.
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[23] Fosha C., Elgerd O. I.: ‘The megawatt-frequency control problem: a new approach via optimal control theory’, IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., 1970, PAS-89, (4), pp. 563–577.
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[25] Sharma Y., Saikia L. C.: ‘Automatic generation control of a multi-area ST–thermal power system using Grey Wolf optimizer algorithm based classical controllers’, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2015, 73, pp. 853–862.
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[29] Modelling of Primary Frequency Control and Effect Analyses of Governing System Parameters on the Grid Frequency, Zhixin Sun, Institute of Turbomachinery, Xi’an Jiaotong University www.geos.ed.ac.uk/ccs/Meetings/Zhixin.pdf.
[30] Mathematical modelling and simulation of the behaviour of the steam turbine, The 7th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering (INTER-ENG 2013), Mircea Dulaua, *, Dorin Bicab, b Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, “Petru Maior” University of Tîrgu-Mureş, 1 N. Iorga st., 540088.
[31] Pan J et al. A new non-linear model of steam turbine unit for dynamic analysis of power system. IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology. Hangzhou; 2010; p. 1–6.
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[33] Frequency response Characteristics of an Interconnected Power System-A case study of Regional Grids in India, S. K. Soonee and Samir Chandra Saxena, Power System Operation Corporation Limited, India https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237465388.
[34] Mathematical model of a steam turbine for the thermal diagnostics system by Henryk Rusinowski, Institute of Thermal Technology, The Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland and Marcin Plis, Institute of Thermal Technology, The Silesian University of echnology, Gliwice, Poland, IEEE 2016 17th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC).
Author Information
  • Department of Electrical and I&C Engineering, L & T-MHPS Boilers Private Limited, Faridabad, India

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    Sumanta Basu. (2018). Modelling of Steam Turbine Generators from Heat Balance Diagram and Determination of Frequency Response. Control Science and Engineering, 2(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20180201.11

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    Sumanta Basu. Modelling of Steam Turbine Generators from Heat Balance Diagram and Determination of Frequency Response. Control Sci. Eng. 2018, 2(1), 1-15. doi: 10.11648/j.cse.20180201.11

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    Sumanta Basu. Modelling of Steam Turbine Generators from Heat Balance Diagram and Determination of Frequency Response. Control Sci Eng. 2018;2(1):1-15. doi: 10.11648/j.cse.20180201.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.cse.20180201.11,
      author = {Sumanta Basu},
      title = {Modelling of Steam Turbine Generators from Heat Balance Diagram and Determination of Frequency Response},
      journal = {Control Science and Engineering},
      volume = {2},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1-15},
      doi = {10.11648/j.cse.20180201.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20180201.11},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cse.20180201.11},
      abstract = {In the power system, apart from ensuring the availability of Power, maintaining the power system frequency is of utmost important. The intent is to ensure stabilized frequency to the consumers at all times and maintain load frequency control of the power grid which requires necessarily the power load operators and regulators to manage generation and distribution services efficiently to maintain reliability of the power system frequency. In an interconnected power system the power load demand varies randomly which impacts both the frequency and tie-line power interchange. Hence, it is necessary to develop a methodology to make decisions synchronously and automatically by all grid connected generating units. The load frequency control along with restricted governor mode control address this issue and minimizes the deviations in the power grid frequency and tie-line power interchange bringing the steady state errors to zero and maintaining the balance between demand and supply in real time. Restricted governor mode control is a primary frequency control but with inclusion of a dead band of governor not exceeding + / - 0.03 Hz where primary control is blocked by the governor dead band unlike free governor mode. This ripple factor of + / - 0.03 Hz prevents continuous hunting in the governor due to very small frequency variation. Restricted governor mode control does not act in proportion to the frequency deviation like free governor and is not strictly a frequency controlling mode, rather this mode restrict sudden and large frequency deviation with an additional step load disturbance during drop of normal running frequency under contingency control which operate along with load frequency controller enhancing the generation of power. In order to ensure the same, the precision Restricted Governor Mode Control is necessary simultaneously for all the power grid connected generating stations and to define the methodology close to accurate derivation of the various parameters for the modelling of turbine is necessary. This paper describe the procedure for deriving the parameters of a steam turbo generator model of a typical 660 MW Ultra-supercritical machine from heat and mass balance diagram and the conceptual load frequency control with restricted governor mode control. The main focus of the work is to determine the various time constants and finding the frequency response of a typical steam turbine generator based on a realistic mathematical model using the heat and mass balance data with some thermodynamic assumptions. The simulated model response for various scenarios are also presented in this paper.},
     year = {2018}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Modelling of Steam Turbine Generators from Heat Balance Diagram and Determination of Frequency Response
    AU  - Sumanta Basu
    Y1  - 2018/09/05
    PY  - 2018
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20180201.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.cse.20180201.11
    T2  - Control Science and Engineering
    JF  - Control Science and Engineering
    JO  - Control Science and Engineering
    SP  - 1
    EP  - 15
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2994-7421
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20180201.11
    AB  - In the power system, apart from ensuring the availability of Power, maintaining the power system frequency is of utmost important. The intent is to ensure stabilized frequency to the consumers at all times and maintain load frequency control of the power grid which requires necessarily the power load operators and regulators to manage generation and distribution services efficiently to maintain reliability of the power system frequency. In an interconnected power system the power load demand varies randomly which impacts both the frequency and tie-line power interchange. Hence, it is necessary to develop a methodology to make decisions synchronously and automatically by all grid connected generating units. The load frequency control along with restricted governor mode control address this issue and minimizes the deviations in the power grid frequency and tie-line power interchange bringing the steady state errors to zero and maintaining the balance between demand and supply in real time. Restricted governor mode control is a primary frequency control but with inclusion of a dead band of governor not exceeding + / - 0.03 Hz where primary control is blocked by the governor dead band unlike free governor mode. This ripple factor of + / - 0.03 Hz prevents continuous hunting in the governor due to very small frequency variation. Restricted governor mode control does not act in proportion to the frequency deviation like free governor and is not strictly a frequency controlling mode, rather this mode restrict sudden and large frequency deviation with an additional step load disturbance during drop of normal running frequency under contingency control which operate along with load frequency controller enhancing the generation of power. In order to ensure the same, the precision Restricted Governor Mode Control is necessary simultaneously for all the power grid connected generating stations and to define the methodology close to accurate derivation of the various parameters for the modelling of turbine is necessary. This paper describe the procedure for deriving the parameters of a steam turbo generator model of a typical 660 MW Ultra-supercritical machine from heat and mass balance diagram and the conceptual load frequency control with restricted governor mode control. The main focus of the work is to determine the various time constants and finding the frequency response of a typical steam turbine generator based on a realistic mathematical model using the heat and mass balance data with some thermodynamic assumptions. The simulated model response for various scenarios are also presented in this paper.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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