Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements

Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12

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Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements

Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel

Published in International Journal of Engineering Management (Volume 4, Issue 2)

Received: 3 February 2020 Accepted: 18 February 2020 Published: 27 August 2020

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Abstract

This paper looked at the potentials of partially replacing palm kernel shells with coarse aggregates in road binder course with emphasis on strength of the asphalt concrete as given by the Marshal Stability and flow values. The aim of the study was to assess the suitability of replacing coarse aggregates with palm kernel shells in highway pavements. The following methodology was adopted in the research, Specified proportions of each material such as 4% filler of size 0.075mm, 35% quarry stone dust of maximum size 5mm, 6% river sand of maximum size 5mm also and 20% crushed stone of size 5-16mm, 35% crushed stone of size 16-20 mm with 6% bitumen of penetration grade 60/70 was mixed together at 163°C. The mixture was compacted with 50 blows both at the top and bottom to obtain cylindrical samples for the Marshall Stability tests. Palm kernel shells were partially replaced at 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 100% by weight of total coarse aggregate in the mixture. The study found that palm kernel shells can be used to replace coarse aggregate up to 20% before drastic reductions become noticeable. It is therefore recommended that for heavily trafficked roads, palm kernel shells up to 10% can be used for the replacement while even above 70% replacement is possible for lightly trafficked roads in the rural settings.

Published in	International Journal of Engineering Management (Volume 4, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12
Page(s)	25-29
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Palm Kernel Shells, Coarse Aggregate, Fine Aggregate, Bitumen, Filler Material, Asphalt Concrete

References

[1]	Alengaram U. J, Jumaat M. Z, Mahmud H. (2010). Ductility Behaviour of Reinforced Palm Kernel Shell Concrete Beams. Eur. J. Scientific Res., 23: 406-420.
[2]	BS 1881, Testing of Concrete, 1996.
[3]	British Standards Institution (BS 598, 1985). Methods of determination of index properties of pitch-bitumen Binder, pp. 2-16, 1985.
[4]	British Standard Institution. (1980). BS 3148 Part 2 Test of Water for Making Concrete. London: BSI.
[5]	British Standards Institution (BS 812, 1975), Methods of determination of mechanical properties of aggregate, 1995, Part 3, p. 4-8.
[6]	Mefteh O, Kebaili H, Oucief L, Berredjem N. A. (2013). Influence of moisture conditioning of recycled aggregates on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. J Clean Prod 54: 282–288.
[7]	Nuhu-Koko M. K. (1990). The use of Palm kernel shells as aggregates for concrete, Paper presented at 21st Annual Conference of Materials Testing, Control and Research, Federal Ministry of Works, Lagos, Nigeria.
[8]	Noh Irwan Ahmad, Khairulzan Yahya, (2014). “The effect of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate replacement on densities and compressive strength of concrete”, Faculty of civil engineering, Universiti teknologi malaysia, oil palm ind. Econ. J. 1 (3): 32-36.
[9]	Oglesby, C, and Hicks, R. (1982). Highway Engineering, fourth edition, John Wesley and sons, New York.
[10]	Olutoge, F. A. (2010). Investigations on sawdust and palm kernel shells as aggregate replacement. APRN Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 5 (4), 7-13.
[11]	Pelisser F, Zavarise N, Longo T. A, Bernardin A. M. (2011) Concrete made with recycled tire rubber: effect of alkaline activation and silica fume addition. J Clean Prod 19 (6): 757–763.
[12]	Sashidar, C. and Rao, H. S. (2010). Durability Studies on Concrete with Wood Ash Additive. 35th Conference on Our World in Concrete and Structures, August 2010, Singapore.
[13]	Ukwedeh, J. N. (2017). “History of Igala Kingdom”. 4th ed. Arewa House Press, Ahmadu Bello University.
[14]	Zarina Itam, Salmia Beddu, Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal, Md Ashraful Alam, Usama Issa Ayas, (2016). “The feasibility of palm kernel shell as a replacement for coarse aggregate in lightweight concrete”, International conference on advances in renewable energy and technologies (ICARET) IOP publishing, doi: 10.1088/17551315/32/1/012040.

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APA Style

Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel. (2020). Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements. International Journal of Engineering Management, 4(2), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12

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ACS Style

Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel. Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements. Int. J. Eng. Manag. 2020, 4(2), 25-29. doi: 10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12

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AMA Style

Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel. Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements. Int J Eng Manag. 2020;4(2):25-29. doi: 10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12,
  author = {Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel},
  title = {Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements},
  journal = {International Journal of Engineering Management},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {25-29},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijem.20200402.12},
  abstract = {This paper looked at the potentials of partially replacing palm kernel shells with coarse aggregates in road binder course with emphasis on strength of the asphalt concrete as given by the Marshal Stability and flow values. The aim of the study was to assess the suitability of replacing coarse aggregates with palm kernel shells in highway pavements. The following methodology was adopted in the research, Specified proportions of each material such as 4% filler of size 0.075mm, 35% quarry stone dust of maximum size 5mm, 6% river sand of maximum size 5mm also and 20% crushed stone of size 5-16mm, 35% crushed stone of size 16-20 mm with 6% bitumen of penetration grade 60/70 was mixed together at 163°C. The mixture was compacted with 50 blows both at the top and bottom to obtain cylindrical samples for the Marshall Stability tests. Palm kernel shells were partially replaced at 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 100% by weight of total coarse aggregate in the mixture. The study found that palm kernel shells can be used to replace coarse aggregate up to 20% before drastic reductions become noticeable. It is therefore recommended that for heavily trafficked roads, palm kernel shells up to 10% can be used for the replacement while even above 70% replacement is possible for lightly trafficked roads in the rural settings.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements
AU  - Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel
Y1  - 2020/08/27
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12
T2  - International Journal of Engineering Management
JF  - International Journal of Engineering Management
JO  - International Journal of Engineering Management
SP  - 25
EP  - 29
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1568
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12
AB  - This paper looked at the potentials of partially replacing palm kernel shells with coarse aggregates in road binder course with emphasis on strength of the asphalt concrete as given by the Marshal Stability and flow values. The aim of the study was to assess the suitability of replacing coarse aggregates with palm kernel shells in highway pavements. The following methodology was adopted in the research, Specified proportions of each material such as 4% filler of size 0.075mm, 35% quarry stone dust of maximum size 5mm, 6% river sand of maximum size 5mm also and 20% crushed stone of size 5-16mm, 35% crushed stone of size 16-20 mm with 6% bitumen of penetration grade 60/70 was mixed together at 163°C. The mixture was compacted with 50 blows both at the top and bottom to obtain cylindrical samples for the Marshall Stability tests. Palm kernel shells were partially replaced at 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 100% by weight of total coarse aggregate in the mixture. The study found that palm kernel shells can be used to replace coarse aggregate up to 20% before drastic reductions become noticeable. It is therefore recommended that for heavily trafficked roads, palm kernel shells up to 10% can be used for the replacement while even above 70% replacement is possible for lightly trafficked roads in the rural settings.
VL  - 4
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel

Department of Civil Engineering, The Federal Polytechnic Idah, North Central, Nigeria

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel. (2020). Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements. International Journal of Engineering Management, 4(2), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12

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ACS Style

Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel. Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements. Int. J. Eng. Manag. 2020, 4(2), 25-29. doi: 10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12

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AMA Style

Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel. Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements. Int J Eng Manag. 2020;4(2):25-29. doi: 10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12,
  author = {Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel},
  title = {Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements},
  journal = {International Journal of Engineering Management},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {25-29},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijem.20200402.12},
  abstract = {This paper looked at the potentials of partially replacing palm kernel shells with coarse aggregates in road binder course with emphasis on strength of the asphalt concrete as given by the Marshal Stability and flow values. The aim of the study was to assess the suitability of replacing coarse aggregates with palm kernel shells in highway pavements. The following methodology was adopted in the research, Specified proportions of each material such as 4% filler of size 0.075mm, 35% quarry stone dust of maximum size 5mm, 6% river sand of maximum size 5mm also and 20% crushed stone of size 5-16mm, 35% crushed stone of size 16-20 mm with 6% bitumen of penetration grade 60/70 was mixed together at 163°C. The mixture was compacted with 50 blows both at the top and bottom to obtain cylindrical samples for the Marshall Stability tests. Palm kernel shells were partially replaced at 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 100% by weight of total coarse aggregate in the mixture. The study found that palm kernel shells can be used to replace coarse aggregate up to 20% before drastic reductions become noticeable. It is therefore recommended that for heavily trafficked roads, palm kernel shells up to 10% can be used for the replacement while even above 70% replacement is possible for lightly trafficked roads in the rural settings.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Highway Pavements
AU  - Apeh Ocholi Adejoh Samuel
Y1  - 2020/08/27
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12
T2  - International Journal of Engineering Management
JF  - International Journal of Engineering Management
JO  - International Journal of Engineering Management
SP  - 25
EP  - 29
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1568
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijem.20200402.12
AB  - This paper looked at the potentials of partially replacing palm kernel shells with coarse aggregates in road binder course with emphasis on strength of the asphalt concrete as given by the Marshal Stability and flow values. The aim of the study was to assess the suitability of replacing coarse aggregates with palm kernel shells in highway pavements. The following methodology was adopted in the research, Specified proportions of each material such as 4% filler of size 0.075mm, 35% quarry stone dust of maximum size 5mm, 6% river sand of maximum size 5mm also and 20% crushed stone of size 5-16mm, 35% crushed stone of size 16-20 mm with 6% bitumen of penetration grade 60/70 was mixed together at 163°C. The mixture was compacted with 50 blows both at the top and bottom to obtain cylindrical samples for the Marshall Stability tests. Palm kernel shells were partially replaced at 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 100% by weight of total coarse aggregate in the mixture. The study found that palm kernel shells can be used to replace coarse aggregate up to 20% before drastic reductions become noticeable. It is therefore recommended that for heavily trafficked roads, palm kernel shells up to 10% can be used for the replacement while even above 70% replacement is possible for lightly trafficked roads in the rural settings.
VL  - 4
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download