Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda

Solomon Adomi Mbina; Galimaka Wilson; Ejike Daniel Eze; Theophilus Pius; Ssebuufu Robinson; Adam Moyosore Afodun; Iliya Ezekiel

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12

Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda

Solomon Adomi Mbina, Galimaka Wilson, Ejike Daniel Eze, Theophilus Pius, Ssebuufu Robinson, Adam Moyosore Afodun, Iliya Ezekiel

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 6, Issue 3)

Received: 28 May 2020 Accepted: 15 June 2020 Published: 4 July 2020

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Globally, water-borne diseases have continued to challenge the health conditions of both developed and developing countries. In Uganda, most water-borne diseases are known to be the leading causes of serious health burden among the inhabitants. The study objectives were to characterize microscopic isolates using biochemical tests as well as identify the possible sources of contamination of spring water which is the commonest source of water used by rural inhabitants for domestic activities in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi district, Western Uganda. Samples of spring water were collected from all accessible spring water sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda. A total of 48 spring water samples were collected using 500 ml sterile glass bottles. The sources of contamination of the spring water samples were determined using a Sanitary Inspection Checklist which was designed using some standard response factors from a collection of standard reference checklists for drinking water quality assessment. Distribution of isolates and indicator pathogens of fecal contamination recovered from positive samples shows 77.8% from Nyakabirizi, 75% from Ishaka and 52.63% from Central divisions. Among the isolates, Pseudomonas spp and Shigella spp appeared more frequent with overall percentage of (52.63%) and (45.83%) whereas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were found in (31.25%), (12.5%) and (6.25%) respectively. Sanitary inspections showed that springs in Ishaka Division posed a much higher risk (66.7%) of bacterial contamination compared to what was observed in Central (58.3%) and Nyakabirizi (58.3%) Divisions. All the sampled water sources were contaminated hence they posed substantial risk to users in the communities. Regular water examination and quality control including microbial assessment of all water sources should be maintained in the three Divisions of the Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda.

Published in	Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 6, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12
Page(s)	51-60
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bacteriological, Bushenyi, Contamination, Ishaka, Isolates, Municipality

References

[1]	Adaro, I. Y., James, N. G., Ndung, P., & Ohanu, M. E. Bacteriological Quality Assessment of Bottled Water Brands Marketed in Kitale Town, Trans - Nzoia County, Kenya. Journal of Advances in Microbiology 2017, 2: 1–9.
[2]	Adegalu, A., Emmanuel, A., Awokunmi, E., Odunayo, R., & Edward, A. Physicochemical and bacteriological assessment of hand-dug wells water from Ile-oluji, Nigeria (2016), 433–440.
[3]	Bhagra, S., Singh, D., Sood, A., & Kanga, A. Bacteriological profile of water samples in and around Shimla hills : A Study from the Sub Himalayan Region. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health International Journal of Community Medicine2017 4: 1966–1971.
[4]	Cheesbrough, M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries (Second Edn). Cambridge university press, 2005.
[5]	Edessa, N., Geritu, N., & Mulugeta, K. (2017). Microbiological assessment of drinking water with reference to diarrheagenic bacterial pathogens in Shashemane Rural District, Ethiopia. African Journal of Microbiology Research 2017, 11: 254–263.
[6]	Yasin, M., Ketema, T., & Bacha, K. Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water of different sources, Jimma zone, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 2015, 8: 1–13.
[7]	WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000–2017. (United Nations Children's Fund and World Health Organization, New York, 2019.
[8]	Pruss-Ustun, A., Jennyfer, Wolf., Jamie, Bartram, Thomas, Clasen, Oliver, Cumming, Mathew, C.…. Richard Johnston. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: an updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2019, 222: 765–777.
[9]	United Nations: Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. New York/Geneva. 2016.
[10]	Watkins K: Human Development Report - Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis 2006.
[11]	WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization 2011.
[12]	Bloomfield SF. The chain of infection transmission in the home and everyday life settings, and the role of hygiene in reducing the risk of infection 2012, Simmons College, Boston, MA USA.
[13]	Nafi’u A, Anandapandian K. T. K: The Occurrence of Waterborne Diseases in Drinking Water in Nakaloke Sub-County, Mbale District, Uganda. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 2016, 5: 1416-1421.
[14]	Dick SM., Handzel T, Venczel L: Chlorination and Safe Storage of Household Drinking Water in Developing Countries to Reduce Waterborne Disease. Journal of Water Science and Technology 2003, 47: 221-228.
[15]	Nygard K: Water and Infection Epidemiological Studies of Epidemic and Endemic Waterborne Diseases. Masters Dissertation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health 2008, 11-20.
[16]	World Health Organization and United Nation International Children Emergency Funds Joint Monitoring Programme. World Health Organisation Press 2012, 1.
[17]	WHO. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Vol. 3: Surveillance and Control of Community Water Supplies. 2nd Edition, World Health Organisation, Geneva 1997.
[18]	UNICEF. Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era. wwwdatauniceforg. UNICEF, New York, NY 2018.
[19]	Bain R, Cronk R, Hossain R, Bonjour S, OndaK, Wright J, YangH, Slaymaker T., Hunter P, Prüss-Ustün A: Global assessment of exposure to faecal contamination through drinking water based on a systematic review 2014.
[20]	Onda K., LoBuglio J. & Bartram J. Global access to safe water: accounting for water quality and the resulting impact on MDG progress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health2012, 9: 880–894.
[21]	Ssenyonga R., Muwonge R., Twebaze F. & Mutyabule R. Determinants of acute 0–5 years in Uganda. East African Medical Journal 2009, 86: 513–519.
[22]	Uganda Demographic Health Survey (UDHS): Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Kampala, Uganda 2011.
[23]	Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) and ICF: Uganda Demographic and HealthSurvey 2016: key indicators Report. Kampala, Uganda and Rockville, Maryland, USA. 2017.
[24]	Globefeed. Com: Distance between Dominion church, Bushenyi Western Region, Uganda and Caltex Petrol Station, Ntungamo-Katunguru Road, Ishaka, Western Region, Uganda. Globefeed.com (GFC). 2016.
[25]	EPA: Report of Task Force on Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing Microbiological Water Purifiers. United States Environmental Protection Agency, CI, 1986, 1–29.
[26]	Fasunwon O, OlowofelaJ, Akinyemi O, Fasunwon B, Akintokun O: Contaminants Evaluation as Water Quality Indicator in Ago-Iwoye, South-western, Nigeria African Physical Review (2008) 2: 0012.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Solomon Adomi Mbina, Galimaka Wilson, Ejike Daniel Eze, Theophilus Pius, Ssebuufu Robinson, et al. (2020). Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 6(3), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Solomon Adomi Mbina; Galimaka Wilson; Ejike Daniel Eze; Theophilus Pius; Ssebuufu Robinson, et al. Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda. J. Health Environ. Res. 2020, 6(3), 51-60. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Solomon Adomi Mbina, Galimaka Wilson, Ejike Daniel Eze, Theophilus Pius, Ssebuufu Robinson, et al. Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda. J Health Environ Res. 2020;6(3):51-60. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12,
  author = {Solomon Adomi Mbina and Galimaka Wilson and Ejike Daniel Eze and Theophilus Pius and Ssebuufu Robinson and Adam Moyosore Afodun and Iliya Ezekiel},
  title = {Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {51-60},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20200603.12},
  abstract = {Globally, water-borne diseases have continued to challenge the health conditions of both developed and developing countries. In Uganda, most water-borne diseases are known to be the leading causes of serious health burden among the inhabitants. The study objectives were to characterize microscopic isolates using biochemical tests as well as identify the possible sources of contamination of spring water which is the commonest source of water used by rural inhabitants for domestic activities in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi district, Western Uganda. Samples of spring water were collected from all accessible spring water sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda. A total of 48 spring water samples were collected using 500 ml sterile glass bottles. The sources of contamination of the spring water samples were determined using a Sanitary Inspection Checklist which was designed using some standard response factors from a collection of standard reference checklists for drinking water quality assessment. Distribution of isolates and indicator pathogens of fecal contamination recovered from positive samples shows 77.8% from Nyakabirizi, 75% from Ishaka and 52.63% from Central divisions. Among the isolates, Pseudomonas spp and Shigella spp appeared more frequent with overall percentage of (52.63%) and (45.83%) whereas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were found in (31.25%), (12.5%) and (6.25%) respectively. Sanitary inspections showed that springs in Ishaka Division posed a much higher risk (66.7%) of bacterial contamination compared to what was observed in Central (58.3%) and Nyakabirizi (58.3%) Divisions. All the sampled water sources were contaminated hence they posed substantial risk to users in the communities. Regular water examination and quality control including microbial assessment of all water sources should be maintained in the three Divisions of the Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda
AU  - Solomon Adomi Mbina
AU  - Galimaka Wilson
AU  - Ejike Daniel Eze
AU  - Theophilus Pius
AU  - Ssebuufu Robinson
AU  - Adam Moyosore Afodun
AU  - Iliya Ezekiel
Y1  - 2020/07/04
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 51
EP  - 60
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12
AB  - Globally, water-borne diseases have continued to challenge the health conditions of both developed and developing countries. In Uganda, most water-borne diseases are known to be the leading causes of serious health burden among the inhabitants. The study objectives were to characterize microscopic isolates using biochemical tests as well as identify the possible sources of contamination of spring water which is the commonest source of water used by rural inhabitants for domestic activities in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi district, Western Uganda. Samples of spring water were collected from all accessible spring water sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda. A total of 48 spring water samples were collected using 500 ml sterile glass bottles. The sources of contamination of the spring water samples were determined using a Sanitary Inspection Checklist which was designed using some standard response factors from a collection of standard reference checklists for drinking water quality assessment. Distribution of isolates and indicator pathogens of fecal contamination recovered from positive samples shows 77.8% from Nyakabirizi, 75% from Ishaka and 52.63% from Central divisions. Among the isolates, Pseudomonas spp and Shigella spp appeared more frequent with overall percentage of (52.63%) and (45.83%) whereas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were found in (31.25%), (12.5%) and (6.25%) respectively. Sanitary inspections showed that springs in Ishaka Division posed a much higher risk (66.7%) of bacterial contamination compared to what was observed in Central (58.3%) and Nyakabirizi (58.3%) Divisions. All the sampled water sources were contaminated hence they posed substantial risk to users in the communities. Regular water examination and quality control including microbial assessment of all water sources should be maintained in the three Divisions of the Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Solomon Adomi Mbina

Department of Public Health, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
Galimaka Wilson

Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
Ejike Daniel Eze

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
Theophilus Pius

Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
Ssebuufu Robinson

Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Kampala International University- Teaching Hospital, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
Adam Moyosore Afodun

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
Iliya Ezekiel

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Solomon Adomi Mbina, Galimaka Wilson, Ejike Daniel Eze, Theophilus Pius, Ssebuufu Robinson, et al. (2020). Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 6(3), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Solomon Adomi Mbina; Galimaka Wilson; Ejike Daniel Eze; Theophilus Pius; Ssebuufu Robinson, et al. Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda. J. Health Environ. Res. 2020, 6(3), 51-60. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Solomon Adomi Mbina, Galimaka Wilson, Ejike Daniel Eze, Theophilus Pius, Ssebuufu Robinson, et al. Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda. J Health Environ Res. 2020;6(3):51-60. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12,
  author = {Solomon Adomi Mbina and Galimaka Wilson and Ejike Daniel Eze and Theophilus Pius and Ssebuufu Robinson and Adam Moyosore Afodun and Iliya Ezekiel},
  title = {Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {51-60},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20200603.12},
  abstract = {Globally, water-borne diseases have continued to challenge the health conditions of both developed and developing countries. In Uganda, most water-borne diseases are known to be the leading causes of serious health burden among the inhabitants. The study objectives were to characterize microscopic isolates using biochemical tests as well as identify the possible sources of contamination of spring water which is the commonest source of water used by rural inhabitants for domestic activities in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi district, Western Uganda. Samples of spring water were collected from all accessible spring water sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda. A total of 48 spring water samples were collected using 500 ml sterile glass bottles. The sources of contamination of the spring water samples were determined using a Sanitary Inspection Checklist which was designed using some standard response factors from a collection of standard reference checklists for drinking water quality assessment. Distribution of isolates and indicator pathogens of fecal contamination recovered from positive samples shows 77.8% from Nyakabirizi, 75% from Ishaka and 52.63% from Central divisions. Among the isolates, Pseudomonas spp and Shigella spp appeared more frequent with overall percentage of (52.63%) and (45.83%) whereas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were found in (31.25%), (12.5%) and (6.25%) respectively. Sanitary inspections showed that springs in Ishaka Division posed a much higher risk (66.7%) of bacterial contamination compared to what was observed in Central (58.3%) and Nyakabirizi (58.3%) Divisions. All the sampled water sources were contaminated hence they posed substantial risk to users in the communities. Regular water examination and quality control including microbial assessment of all water sources should be maintained in the three Divisions of the Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Contaminants of Domestic Rural Spring Water Sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda
AU  - Solomon Adomi Mbina
AU  - Galimaka Wilson
AU  - Ejike Daniel Eze
AU  - Theophilus Pius
AU  - Ssebuufu Robinson
AU  - Adam Moyosore Afodun
AU  - Iliya Ezekiel
Y1  - 2020/07/04
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 51
EP  - 60
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20200603.12
AB  - Globally, water-borne diseases have continued to challenge the health conditions of both developed and developing countries. In Uganda, most water-borne diseases are known to be the leading causes of serious health burden among the inhabitants. The study objectives were to characterize microscopic isolates using biochemical tests as well as identify the possible sources of contamination of spring water which is the commonest source of water used by rural inhabitants for domestic activities in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi district, Western Uganda. Samples of spring water were collected from all accessible spring water sources in Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda. A total of 48 spring water samples were collected using 500 ml sterile glass bottles. The sources of contamination of the spring water samples were determined using a Sanitary Inspection Checklist which was designed using some standard response factors from a collection of standard reference checklists for drinking water quality assessment. Distribution of isolates and indicator pathogens of fecal contamination recovered from positive samples shows 77.8% from Nyakabirizi, 75% from Ishaka and 52.63% from Central divisions. Among the isolates, Pseudomonas spp and Shigella spp appeared more frequent with overall percentage of (52.63%) and (45.83%) whereas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were found in (31.25%), (12.5%) and (6.25%) respectively. Sanitary inspections showed that springs in Ishaka Division posed a much higher risk (66.7%) of bacterial contamination compared to what was observed in Central (58.3%) and Nyakabirizi (58.3%) Divisions. All the sampled water sources were contaminated hence they posed substantial risk to users in the communities. Regular water examination and quality control including microbial assessment of all water sources should be maintained in the three Divisions of the Bushenyi-Ishaka Municipality, Western Uganda.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download