Central African Journal of Public Health

| Peer-Reviewed |

A Preview of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Kofai Community of Taraba State, Nigeria

Received: 16 June 2020    Accepted: 28 June 2020    Published: 06 July 2020
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

Water, including sources and types of treatment, sanitation and hygiene practices affect human health. The prevention, control and protection against outbreaks of water related diseases is crucial. The study assessed water, sanitation and hygiene related conditions and practices of the households in Kofai community to determine appropriate public health interventions for the community. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out using 372 individual households selected using multistage random sampling method after due consents and ethical processes. The analysis of data was done using the SPSS software version 20.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010. The result showed that 204 (54.8%) participants were females; 267 (71.8%) were married; the mean age was 33.6±11.9 and farming formed approximately 31.2% of all occupational categories amongst the respondents. The sources of water supply was mainly through vendors 130 (34.9%), followed by borehole 92 (24.7%), well 71 (19.1%) and rain water 36 (9.7%). Type of treatment for drinking water included boiling (18.5%), filtration with cloth (16.1%), use of chlorine tablet (5.7%) and no form of treatment at all (59.7%). Only 84 (22.6%) had facility for hand washing. Domestic waste disposal practices include open dumping (73%), burning (18%), and refuse pit (9%). Sewage disposal practices were open defecation (36%), while 64% were using latrines. Of all latrines, 42.4% were pit latrines, 39.0% were pour flush, and 18.6% were cistern flush. Water, sanitation and hygiene practices and infrastructure in Kofai are in mid-stage development. More of modern water supply in form of boreholes and pipe-borne water are needed, as well as sanitary disposal of domestic waste and sewage. Provision of more latrines will drastically reduce the open defecation practice seen in more than a third of the community. Deploying appropriate triggering intervention through sustained community led total sanitation has a potential of transforming the community to an open defecation free status towards Nigeria’s target of 2025.

DOI 10.11648/j.cajph.20200604.15
Published in Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 6, Issue 4, August 2020)
Page(s) 213-219
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Water, Sanitation, Latrine, Open Defecation, Taraba, Nigeria

References
[1] Orimoloye, E. O., Amadi, C. O. A., Amadi, A. N., Azuamah, Y. C., Nwoke, E. A., Zacchaeus, U., Dozie, I. N. S. (2015). Assessment of water sanitation and hygiene practices in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of Research, 2 (2), 94-100.
[2] WHO & UNICEF. (2015). Progress on sanitation and drinking water: 2015 update and MDG assessment. World Health Organization.
[3] Prüss-Üstün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F., Bartram, J. (2008). Safer water, better health: Costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[4] Roche, R., Bain, R. and Cumming, O. (2017). Correction: A long way to go - Estimates of combined water, sanitation and hygiene coverage for 25 sub-Saharan African countries. PLoS One, 12 (3): e0173702.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173702.
[5] World Health Organization. (2014). UN-water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2014 report. Investing in water and sanitation: Increasing access, reducing inequalities. Assessed from https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/glaas_report_2014/en/.
[6] Federal Ministry of Water Resources. (2016). Making Nigeia Open Defecation Free by 2025: A National Roadmap. Assessed from https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media/1491/file/Nigeria-making-Nigeria-open-defecation-free-by-2025.pdf.pdf.
[7] Liu, L., Johnson, H. L., Cousens, S., Perin, J., Scott, S., Lawn, J. E.,... & Mathers, C. (2012). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. The Lancet, 379 (9832), 2151-2161.
[8] Walker, C. L. F., Walker, N. (2014). The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) as a model for diarrhea mortality reduction. BMC Medicine, 12 (1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-12-70.
[9] Walker, C. L. F., Rudan, I., Liu, L., Nair, H., Theodoratou, E., Bhutta, Z. A.,...& Black, R. E. (2013). Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. The Lancet, 381 (9875), 1405-1416.
[10] Maina, S. W., Sittoni, T. (2012). Nigeria loses NGN455 billion annually due to poor sanitation (English). Economic impacts of poor sanitation in Africa; Water and sanitation program. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/855961468297356898/Nigeria-loses-NGN455-billion-annually-due-to-poor-sanitation.
[11] WHO & ‎‎‎‎UNICEF‎‎‎‎. (‎2020)‎. Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for the COVID-19 virus: interim guidance, 19 March 2020. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331499.
[12] District Health Information Management System. (2017). Primary Health Centre, Ador Kola LGA, Taraba State.
[13] Ellen, S. (2020). Slovin's Formula Sampling Techniques. sciencing.com. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/slovins-formula-sampling-techniques-5475547.html.
[14] Water-Aid. (2013). We Can't Wait: A Report on Sanitation and Hygiene for Women and Girls. Assessed from https://washmatters.wateraid.org/publications/we-cant-wait-a-report-on-sanitation-and-hygiene-for-women-and-girls.
[15] Amadi, A. N. (2011): ABC of Environmental Health. Owerri: Readon Publishers Limited.
[16] Onyenechere, E. C., Eleazu, E. I., Azuwike, O. D., Osuji, S., Igwe, C. F. (2012). The dynamics of domestic water vending in Enugu North LGA of Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 4 (4), 224-230. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2012.44025.
[17] Wutich, A., Beresford, M., Carvajal, C. (2016). Can informal water vendors deliver on the promise of a human right to water? Results from Cochabamba, Bolivia. World Development, 79; 14-24. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.043.
[18] Nnaji, C. C., Eluwa, C., Nwoji, C. (2013). Dynamics of domestic water supply and consumption in a semi-urban Nigerian city. Habitat International, 40, 127-135.
[19] Ahmad, M. T. (2017). The role of water vendors in water service delivery in developing countries: a case of Dala local government, Kano, Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 7 (3), 1191-1201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0507-z.
Author Information
  • Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria

  • Department of Environmental Health Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

  • Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Esther Nnennaya Umahi, Emmanuel Chukwuma Obiano, Rimande Ubandoma Joel. (2020). A Preview of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Kofai Community of Taraba State, Nigeria. Central African Journal of Public Health, 6(4), 213-219. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20200604.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Esther Nnennaya Umahi; Emmanuel Chukwuma Obiano; Rimande Ubandoma Joel. A Preview of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Kofai Community of Taraba State, Nigeria. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2020, 6(4), 213-219. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20200604.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Esther Nnennaya Umahi, Emmanuel Chukwuma Obiano, Rimande Ubandoma Joel. A Preview of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Kofai Community of Taraba State, Nigeria. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2020;6(4):213-219. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20200604.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.cajph.20200604.15,
      author = {Esther Nnennaya Umahi and Emmanuel Chukwuma Obiano and Rimande Ubandoma Joel},
      title = {A Preview of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Kofai Community of Taraba State, Nigeria},
      journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
      volume = {6},
      number = {4},
      pages = {213-219},
      doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20200604.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20200604.15},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20200604.15},
      abstract = {Water, including sources and types of treatment, sanitation and hygiene practices affect human health. The prevention, control and protection against outbreaks of water related diseases is crucial. The study assessed water, sanitation and hygiene related conditions and practices of the households in Kofai community to determine appropriate public health interventions for the community. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out using 372 individual households selected using multistage random sampling method after due consents and ethical processes. The analysis of data was done using the SPSS software version 20.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010. The result showed that 204 (54.8%) participants were females; 267 (71.8%) were married; the mean age was 33.6±11.9 and farming formed approximately 31.2% of all occupational categories amongst the respondents. The sources of water supply was mainly through vendors 130 (34.9%), followed by borehole 92 (24.7%), well 71 (19.1%) and rain water 36 (9.7%). Type of treatment for drinking water included boiling (18.5%), filtration with cloth (16.1%), use of chlorine tablet (5.7%) and no form of treatment at all (59.7%). Only 84 (22.6%) had facility for hand washing. Domestic waste disposal practices include open dumping (73%), burning (18%), and refuse pit (9%). Sewage disposal practices were open defecation (36%), while 64% were using latrines. Of all latrines, 42.4% were pit latrines, 39.0% were pour flush, and 18.6% were cistern flush. Water, sanitation and hygiene practices and infrastructure in Kofai are in mid-stage development. More of modern water supply in form of boreholes and pipe-borne water are needed, as well as sanitary disposal of domestic waste and sewage. Provision of more latrines will drastically reduce the open defecation practice seen in more than a third of the community. Deploying appropriate triggering intervention through sustained community led total sanitation has a potential of transforming the community to an open defecation free status towards Nigeria’s target of 2025.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - A Preview of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Kofai Community of Taraba State, Nigeria
    AU  - Esther Nnennaya Umahi
    AU  - Emmanuel Chukwuma Obiano
    AU  - Rimande Ubandoma Joel
    Y1  - 2020/07/06
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20200604.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.cajph.20200604.15
    T2  - Central African Journal of Public Health
    JF  - Central African Journal of Public Health
    JO  - Central African Journal of Public Health
    SP  - 213
    EP  - 219
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-5781
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20200604.15
    AB  - Water, including sources and types of treatment, sanitation and hygiene practices affect human health. The prevention, control and protection against outbreaks of water related diseases is crucial. The study assessed water, sanitation and hygiene related conditions and practices of the households in Kofai community to determine appropriate public health interventions for the community. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out using 372 individual households selected using multistage random sampling method after due consents and ethical processes. The analysis of data was done using the SPSS software version 20.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010. The result showed that 204 (54.8%) participants were females; 267 (71.8%) were married; the mean age was 33.6±11.9 and farming formed approximately 31.2% of all occupational categories amongst the respondents. The sources of water supply was mainly through vendors 130 (34.9%), followed by borehole 92 (24.7%), well 71 (19.1%) and rain water 36 (9.7%). Type of treatment for drinking water included boiling (18.5%), filtration with cloth (16.1%), use of chlorine tablet (5.7%) and no form of treatment at all (59.7%). Only 84 (22.6%) had facility for hand washing. Domestic waste disposal practices include open dumping (73%), burning (18%), and refuse pit (9%). Sewage disposal practices were open defecation (36%), while 64% were using latrines. Of all latrines, 42.4% were pit latrines, 39.0% were pour flush, and 18.6% were cistern flush. Water, sanitation and hygiene practices and infrastructure in Kofai are in mid-stage development. More of modern water supply in form of boreholes and pipe-borne water are needed, as well as sanitary disposal of domestic waste and sewage. Provision of more latrines will drastically reduce the open defecation practice seen in more than a third of the community. Deploying appropriate triggering intervention through sustained community led total sanitation has a potential of transforming the community to an open defecation free status towards Nigeria’s target of 2025.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections