International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines

| Peer-Reviewed |

Determination of In Vitro Photoprotective Potential of Methanolic Leaf Extract of x Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamondin)

Received: 28 December 2017    Accepted: 16 January 2018    Published: 02 February 2018
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

This study focused on the evaluation of in vitro Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of leaf extract of x Citrofortunella microcarpa since it has not been investigated. Collected leaves were air-dried, powdered and macerated in methanol. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis. The concentration series of 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.05 mgmL-1 of leaf extract and a solution of 2.0 mgmL-1 Dermatone® were prepared in methanol. The absorbance of each sample was determined in triplicate by spectrophotometry in the range of 290–320 nm, at 5 nm intervals, using methanol as the blank. The SPF values were calculated using the Mansur-equation. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, sterols, saponins, terpenoids, and glycosides were qualitatively observed. The SPF of leaf extract with respect to the concentrations 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.05 mgmL-1 and Dermatone® were 43.93, 42.38, 40.97, 36.63, 13.31 and 34.26 respectively. According to Pearson’s correlation, a positive statically not significant relationship was observed in between SPF and concentration (r = 0.655, p > 0.05). Since the presence of profound sun screening activity, this would offer an exciting avenue for further research towards the development of herbal sunscreens of high importance especially for the people living in tropical countries.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.14
Published in International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines (Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2018)
Page(s) 18-23
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Calamondin, x Citrofortunella microcarpa, Photoprotective, Sun Protection Factor, UVB Radiation

References
[1] Brinda, S.; Gitika, D.; Varsha, V. Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of sun protection factor in a polyherbal cream. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2017, 8 (1), 197-200. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.8 (1).197-00.
[2] Costa, S. C.; Detoni, C. B.; Branco, C. R.; Botura, M. B.; Branco, A. In vitro photoprotective effects of Marcetia taxifolia ethanolic extract and its potential for sunscreen formulations. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2015, 25 (4), 413-418.
[3] Ebrahimzadeh, M. A.; Enayatifard, R.; Khalili, M.; Ghaffarloo, M.; Saeedi, M.; Charati, J. Y. Correlation between sun protection factor and antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some medicinal plants. Iran J Pharm Res 2014, 13 (3), 1041-1047.
[4] Imam, S.; Azhar, I.; Mahmood, Z. A. In-vitro evaluation of sun protection factor of a cream formulation prepared from extracts of Musa Accuminata (L.), Psidium Gujava (L.) and Pyrus Communis (L.). Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2015, 8 (3), 234-37.
[5] Khazaeli, P.; Mehrabani, M. Screening of sun protective activity of the ethyl acetate extracts of some medicinal plants. Iran J Pharm Res 2008, 7 (1), 5-9.
[6] Lee Granger, K.; Brown, P. R. The chemistry and HPLC analysis of chemical sunscreen filters in sunscreens and cosmetics. J. LIQ. CHROM. & REL. TECHNOL 2001, 24 (19), 2895-2924.
[7] Mbanga, L.; Mulenga, M.; Mpiana, P. T.; Bokolo, K.; Mumbwa, M.; Mvingu, K. Determination of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of some body creams and lotions marketed in Kinshasa by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry. International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science 2014, 1 (8), s7-13.
[8] Napagoda, M. T.; Malkanthi, B. M. A. S.; Abayawardana, S. A. K.; Qader, M. M.; Jayasinghe, L. Photoprotective potential in some medicinal plants used to treat skin diseases in Sri Lanka. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 16 (1), 479. DOI 10.1186/s12906-016-1455-8.
[9] Ratnasooriya, W. D.; Jayakody, J. R. A. C.; Rosa, S. R. D.; Ratnasooriya, C. D. T. In vitro sun screening activity of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea (Camellia sinensis linn). World J Pharm Sci 2014, 2 (2), 144-148.
[10] Smaoui, S.; Hlima, H. B.; Chobba, I. B; Kadri, A. Development and stability studies of sunscreen cream formulations containing three photo-protective filters. Arab. J. Chem. 2013, 10, S1216-1221.
[11] Morton, J. F. Fruits from warm climates, Calamondin; Julia F. Morton: Miami, USA, 1987; pp. 176–178, ISBN: 0-9610184-1-0.
[12] Cheong, M. W.; Zhu, D.; Sng, J.; Liu, S. Q.; Zhou, W.; Curran, P.; Yu, B. Characterization of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa). Part II: Volatiles, physicochemical properties and non-volatiles in the juice. Food Chem. 2012, 134 (2), 696-703.
[13] Fiscal, R. R.; Chavez, A. C. Ethnobotanical profiling of commonly utilized plants for hypertension and diabetes in the Province of Laguna, Philippines. International Journal of Science and Research 2016, 5 (9), 152-154. DOI: 10.21275/ART20161424.
[14] Baleta, F. N.; Donato, J. G.; Bolaños, J. M. Awareness, utilization and diversity of medicinal plants at Palanan, Isabela, Philippines. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2016, 4 (4), 265-269.
[15] Casimiro, M. F.; Leano, R.; Solidum, J. N. Evaluation of the hepatoprotective activity of Citrus microcarpa Bunge (Family Rutaceae) fruit peel against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in male BFAD-Sprague Dawley rats. International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering 2010, 1 (2), 127-132.
[16] Md Othman, S. N.; Hassan, M. A.; Nahar, L.; Basar, N.; Jamil, S.; Sarker, S. D. Essential oils from the Malaysian Citrus (Rutaceae) medicinal plants. Medicines 2016, 3 (2), 13. DOI: 10.3390/medicines3020013.
[17] Shie, P. H.; Huang, R. L.; Lay, H. L. The flavonoids in Citrus madurensis Lour and their anti-hepatitis B virus activity. Pharm Anal Acta 2013, 4 (5), 239. DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000239.
[18] Tantiado, R. G. Survey on ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in Iloilo, Philippines. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology 2012, 4 (4), 11-26.
[19] Flora of China. Available online: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=107164. (accessed on 20 Sep 2017).
[20] Lou, S. N.; Ho, C. T. Phenolic compounds and biological activities of small-size citrus: Kumquat and calamondin. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 2016, 25 (1), 162-175. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.10.024.
[21] Nisperos-Carriedo, M. O.; Baldwin, E. A.; Moshonas, M. G.; Shaw, P. E. Determination of volatile flavor components, sugars, and ascorbic, dehydroascorbic, and other organic acids in calamondin (Citrus mitis Blanco). J. Agrlc. Food Chem. 1992, 40 (12), 2464-2466.
[22] Ogawa, K.; Kawasaki, A.; Omura, M.; Yoshida, T.; Ikoma, Y.; Yano, M. 3′, 5′-Di-C-β-glucopyranosylphloretin, a flavonoid characteristic of the genus Fortunella. Phytochemistry 2001, 57 (5), 737-742.
[23] Real, R. R.; Digal, L. N. Analyzing marketing margins and their implications in improving performance of small-scale producers in the calamansi chain in Region XI, Southern Philippines. BANWA Archives 2004-2013 2010, 7 (1), 69-91.
[24] Flora of Pakistan. Available online: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242313274. (accessed on 20 Sep 2017).
[25] Obico, J. J.; Ragragio, E. M. A survey of plants used as repellents against hematophagous insects by the Ayta people of Porac, Pampanga province, Philippines. Philippines Science Letter 2014, 7 (1), 179-186.
[26] Cuevas-Glory, L.; Sauri-Duch, E.; Pino, J. A. Volatile constituents of peel and leaf oils from calamondin. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 2009, 12 (6), 656-660. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2009.10643770.
[27] Bao-hua, Z. H. O. U.; Jing-jing, C. A. O. Environmental effect of plant resources-antimicrobial activities' study of volatile oil in the leaves of fortunella calamondin, Rutaceae [J]. Journal of Natural Resources 2008, 23 (4), 737-744. DOI: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2008.04.021.
[28] Wei, L. S.; Musa, N.; Sengm, C. T.; Wee, W.; Shazili, N. A. Antimicrobial properties of tropical plants against 12 pathogenic bacteria isolated from aquatic organisms. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2008, 7 (13), 2275-2278.
[29] Ragasa, C. Y.; Sia, J. E.; Rideoutz, J. A. Antimicrobial flavonoid from Citrus microcarpa. CvSU Res J. 2006, 20 (1&2), 16-19.
[30] Lee, S. W.; Najiah, M. Antimicrobial property of 2-hydroxypropane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid isolated from Citrus microcarpa extract. Agricultural Sciences in China 2009, 8 (7), 880-886.
[31] Hoyle, C. H. V.; Santos, J. H. Cyclic voltammetric analysis of antioxidant activity in citrus fruits from Southeast Asia. International Food Research Journal 2010, 17 (4), 937-946.
[32] Alinejhad, D.; Asayesh, M. A.; Asayesh, M. Determination of the anti-inflammatory property of tannins from the rind of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa, Rutaceae). Journal of International Oral Health 2016, 8 (5), 546-553. DOI: 10.2047/jioh-08-05-04.
[33] Lou, S. N.; Yu, M. W.; Ho, C. T. Tyrosinase inhibitory components of immature calamondin peel. j. foodchem. 2012, 135 (3), 1091-1096. DOI: 10.1016/.2012.05.062. Epub 2012 May 23.
[34] Itoh, K.; Murata, K.; Futamura-Masuda, M.; Deguchi, T.; Ono, Y.; Eshita, M.; Fumuro, M.; Iijima, M.; Matsuda, H. Inhibitory activity of Citrus Madurensis ripe fruits extract on antigen-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells. Journal of Plant Studies 2017, 6 (1), 23-30. DOI: 10.5539/jps.v6n1p23.
[35] Chen, H. C.; Peng, L. W.; Sheu, M. J.; Lin, L. Y.; Chiang, H. M.; Wu, C. T.; Wu, C. S.; Chen, Y. C. Effects of hot water treatment on the essential oils of calamondin. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 2013, 21 (4), 363-368.
[36] Mansur, J. S.; Breder, M. N.; Mansur, M. C.; Azulay, R. D. Determination of sun protection factor by spectrophotometry. An Bras Dermatol. 1986, 61, 121-124.
[37] WeatherOnline Ltd. Available online: http://www.weatheronline.co.uk. (accessed on 20 Sep 2017).
[38] Damián-Reyna, A. A.; González-Hernández, J. C.; Chávez-Parga, M. Current procedures for extraction and purification of citrus flavonoides. Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología. 2016, 18 (1), 135-147. DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v18n1.57724.
Author Information
  • Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Werahera, Sri Lanka

  • Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Werahera, Sri Lanka

  • Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Werahera, Sri Lanka

  • Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Werahera, Sri Lanka

  • Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Werahera, Sri Lanka

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Amarathunga Achchi Maddumage Dona Dinithi Nuwanga Amarathunga, Samamalee Upekshi Kankanamge, Nuwarapakshage Ashoka Sanjeewani, Ranjith Pathirana, Wanigasekara Daya Ratnasooriya. (2018). Determination of In Vitro Photoprotective Potential of Methanolic Leaf Extract of x Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamondin). International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines, 4(1), 18-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Amarathunga Achchi Maddumage Dona Dinithi Nuwanga Amarathunga; Samamalee Upekshi Kankanamge; Nuwarapakshage Ashoka Sanjeewani; Ranjith Pathirana; Wanigasekara Daya Ratnasooriya. Determination of In Vitro Photoprotective Potential of Methanolic Leaf Extract of x Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamondin). Int. J. Homeopathy Nat. Med. 2018, 4(1), 18-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Amarathunga Achchi Maddumage Dona Dinithi Nuwanga Amarathunga, Samamalee Upekshi Kankanamge, Nuwarapakshage Ashoka Sanjeewani, Ranjith Pathirana, Wanigasekara Daya Ratnasooriya. Determination of In Vitro Photoprotective Potential of Methanolic Leaf Extract of x Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamondin). Int J Homeopathy Nat Med. 2018;4(1):18-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.14,
      author = {Amarathunga Achchi Maddumage Dona Dinithi Nuwanga Amarathunga and Samamalee Upekshi Kankanamge and Nuwarapakshage Ashoka Sanjeewani and Ranjith Pathirana and Wanigasekara Daya Ratnasooriya},
      title = {Determination of In Vitro Photoprotective Potential of Methanolic Leaf Extract of x Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamondin)},
      journal = {International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines},
      volume = {4},
      number = {1},
      pages = {18-23},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.14},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhnm.20180401.14},
      abstract = {This study focused on the evaluation of in vitro Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of leaf extract of x Citrofortunella microcarpa since it has not been investigated. Collected leaves were air-dried, powdered and macerated in methanol. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis. The concentration series of 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.05 mgmL-1 of leaf extract and a solution of 2.0 mgmL-1 Dermatone® were prepared in methanol. The absorbance of each sample was determined in triplicate by spectrophotometry in the range of 290–320 nm, at 5 nm intervals, using methanol as the blank. The SPF values were calculated using the Mansur-equation. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, sterols, saponins, terpenoids, and glycosides were qualitatively observed. The SPF of leaf extract with respect to the concentrations 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.05 mgmL-1 and Dermatone® were 43.93, 42.38, 40.97, 36.63, 13.31 and 34.26 respectively. According to Pearson’s correlation, a positive statically not significant relationship was observed in between SPF and concentration (r = 0.655, p > 0.05). Since the presence of profound sun screening activity, this would offer an exciting avenue for further research towards the development of herbal sunscreens of high importance especially for the people living in tropical countries.},
     year = {2018}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Determination of In Vitro Photoprotective Potential of Methanolic Leaf Extract of x Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamondin)
    AU  - Amarathunga Achchi Maddumage Dona Dinithi Nuwanga Amarathunga
    AU  - Samamalee Upekshi Kankanamge
    AU  - Nuwarapakshage Ashoka Sanjeewani
    AU  - Ranjith Pathirana
    AU  - Wanigasekara Daya Ratnasooriya
    Y1  - 2018/02/02
    PY  - 2018
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.14
    T2  - International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines
    JF  - International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines
    JO  - International Journal of Homeopathy & Natural Medicines
    SP  - 18
    EP  - 23
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-2316
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhnm.20180401.14
    AB  - This study focused on the evaluation of in vitro Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of leaf extract of x Citrofortunella microcarpa since it has not been investigated. Collected leaves were air-dried, powdered and macerated in methanol. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis. The concentration series of 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.05 mgmL-1 of leaf extract and a solution of 2.0 mgmL-1 Dermatone® were prepared in methanol. The absorbance of each sample was determined in triplicate by spectrophotometry in the range of 290–320 nm, at 5 nm intervals, using methanol as the blank. The SPF values were calculated using the Mansur-equation. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, sterols, saponins, terpenoids, and glycosides were qualitatively observed. The SPF of leaf extract with respect to the concentrations 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.05 mgmL-1 and Dermatone® were 43.93, 42.38, 40.97, 36.63, 13.31 and 34.26 respectively. According to Pearson’s correlation, a positive statically not significant relationship was observed in between SPF and concentration (r = 0.655, p > 0.05). Since the presence of profound sun screening activity, this would offer an exciting avenue for further research towards the development of herbal sunscreens of high importance especially for the people living in tropical countries.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections