Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Their Association with the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya

Thuita Ann Watetu; Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice; Onyango Arnold N.; Makokha Anselimo

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11

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Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Their Association with the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya

Thuita Ann Watetu, Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice, Onyango Arnold N., Makokha Anselimo

Published in International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology (Volume 4, Issue 2)

Received: 25 January 2019 Accepted: 20 March 2019 Published: 10 May 2019

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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is a public health problem and one of the most common life threatening conditions globally, due to its related complications that are usually very costly to treat, with increasing number of people being diagnosed with this condition each year. Presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular risks in Type 2 Diabetes patients increases the risk to complications. The objective of this study was to determine characteristics of type 2 diabetes patients and their association with MetS and associated cardiovascular risk. The study employed a cross section design method. Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes were recruited for the study from Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya. Socio-demographic, clinical and lifestyle data were obtained using questionnaires. The nutrition status was determined by anthropometry. Other laboratory parameters that were determined included total cholesterol (TC), high density cholesterol (HDL-c) and low density cholesterol (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), and blood pressure (BP). Overall 153 (40.5% men and 59.5% women) Type 2 diabetic patients aged 20-79 years were included in the study. The overall mean age of patients was 56.07 years. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 86.3% as per WHO criteria. The MetS components were elevated waist circumference (WC, 90.8%), increased waist hip ratio (WHR, 86.9%), elevated blood pressure (65.7% & 72.5%) and elevated triglycerides (64.8%). The prevalence of occurrence of the components of the MetS was not significantly different among male and female patients except for WC, BMI and reduced serum HDL-C where women were at a significantly higher risk than men (P≤0.00.). The current study showed that income was associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure (BP), secondary education and years lived with diabetes were associated with elevated TG, while occupation showed some association with high WHR. Additionally Gender, marital status and type of residence were associated with elevated HDL while education, family history of diabetes and alcohol intake was associated with obesity. The prevalence of the MetS and associated cardiovascular risk among Type 2 Diabetes patients was high and similar among males and females. Enhanced surveillance on Mets and associated cardiovascular risk in Type 2 Diabetes in addition to application of preventive measures are critical in order to reduce the risk of macro vascular complications as well as increased cardiovascular risks in Type 2 Diabetes patients.

Published in	International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology (Volume 4, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11
Page(s)	35-48
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risk and Patient Characteristic

References

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Thuita Ann Watetu, Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice, Onyango Arnold N., Makokha Anselimo. (2019). Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Their Association with the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya. International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, 4(2), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11

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Thuita Ann Watetu; Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice; Onyango Arnold N.; Makokha Anselimo. Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Their Association with the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya. Int. J. Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019, 4(2), 35-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11

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AMA Style

Thuita Ann Watetu, Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice, Onyango Arnold N., Makokha Anselimo. Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Their Association with the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya. Int J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;4(2):35-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11,
  author = {Thuita Ann Watetu and Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice and Onyango Arnold N. and Makokha Anselimo},
  title = {Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Their Association with the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya},
  journal = {International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {35-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijde.20190402.11},
  abstract = {Type 2 diabetes is a public health problem and one of the most common life threatening conditions globally, due to its related complications that are usually very costly to treat, with increasing number of people being diagnosed with this condition each year. Presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular risks in Type 2 Diabetes patients increases the risk to complications. The objective of this study was to determine characteristics of type 2 diabetes patients and their association with MetS and associated cardiovascular risk. The study employed a cross section design method. Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes were recruited for the study from Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya. Socio-demographic, clinical and lifestyle data were obtained using questionnaires. The nutrition status was determined by anthropometry. Other laboratory parameters that were determined included total cholesterol (TC), high density cholesterol (HDL-c) and low density cholesterol (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), and blood pressure (BP). Overall 153 (40.5% men and 59.5% women) Type 2 diabetic patients aged 20-79 years were included in the study. The overall mean age of patients was 56.07 years. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 86.3% as per WHO criteria. The MetS components were elevated waist circumference (WC, 90.8%), increased waist hip ratio (WHR, 86.9%), elevated blood pressure (65.7% & 72.5%) and elevated triglycerides (64.8%). The prevalence of occurrence of the components of the MetS was not significantly different among male and female patients except for WC, BMI and reduced serum HDL-C where women were at a significantly higher risk than men (P≤0.00.). The current study showed that income was associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure (BP), secondary education and years lived with diabetes were associated with elevated TG, while occupation showed some association with high WHR. Additionally Gender, marital status and type of residence were associated with elevated HDL while education, family history of diabetes and alcohol intake was associated with obesity. The prevalence of the MetS and associated cardiovascular risk among Type 2 Diabetes patients was high and similar among males and females. Enhanced surveillance on Mets and associated cardiovascular risk in Type 2 Diabetes in addition to application of preventive measures are critical in order to reduce the risk of macro vascular complications as well as increased cardiovascular risks in Type 2 Diabetes patients.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Their Association with the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya
AU - Thuita Ann Watetu
AU - Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice
AU - Onyango Arnold N.
AU - Makokha Anselimo
Y1 - 2019/05/10
PY - 2019
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11
DO - 10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11
T2 - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
JF - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
JO - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
SP - 35
EP - 48
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2640-1371
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11
AB - Type 2 diabetes is a public health problem and one of the most common life threatening conditions globally, due to its related complications that are usually very costly to treat, with increasing number of people being diagnosed with this condition each year. Presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular risks in Type 2 Diabetes patients increases the risk to complications. The objective of this study was to determine characteristics of type 2 diabetes patients and their association with MetS and associated cardiovascular risk. The study employed a cross section design method. Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes were recruited for the study from Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya. Socio-demographic, clinical and lifestyle data were obtained using questionnaires. The nutrition status was determined by anthropometry. Other laboratory parameters that were determined included total cholesterol (TC), high density cholesterol (HDL-c) and low density cholesterol (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), and blood pressure (BP). Overall 153 (40.5% men and 59.5% women) Type 2 diabetic patients aged 20-79 years were included in the study. The overall mean age of patients was 56.07 years. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 86.3% as per WHO criteria. The MetS components were elevated waist circumference (WC, 90.8%), increased waist hip ratio (WHR, 86.9%), elevated blood pressure (65.7% & 72.5%) and elevated triglycerides (64.8%). The prevalence of occurrence of the components of the MetS was not significantly different among male and female patients except for WC, BMI and reduced serum HDL-C where women were at a significantly higher risk than men (P≤0.00.). The current study showed that income was associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure (BP), secondary education and years lived with diabetes were associated with elevated TG, while occupation showed some association with high WHR. Additionally Gender, marital status and type of residence were associated with elevated HDL while education, family history of diabetes and alcohol intake was associated with obesity. The prevalence of the MetS and associated cardiovascular risk among Type 2 Diabetes patients was high and similar among males and females. Enhanced surveillance on Mets and associated cardiovascular risk in Type 2 Diabetes in addition to application of preventive measures are critical in order to reduce the risk of macro vascular complications as well as increased cardiovascular risks in Type 2 Diabetes patients.
VL - 4
IS - 2
ER -

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Author Information

Thuita Ann Watetu

Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, School of Food and Nutrition Sciences (SoFNuS), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice

Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, School of Food and Nutrition Sciences (SoFNuS), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Onyango Arnold N.

Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, School of Food and Nutrition Sciences (SoFNuS), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Makokha Anselimo

Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, School of Food and Nutrition Sciences (SoFNuS), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya

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Thuita Ann Watetu, Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice, Onyango Arnold N., Makokha Anselimo. (2019). Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Their Association with the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya. International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, 4(2), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11

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ACS Style

Thuita Ann Watetu; Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice; Onyango Arnold N.; Makokha Anselimo. Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Their Association with the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya. Int. J. Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019, 4(2), 35-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11

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AMA Style

Thuita Ann Watetu, Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice, Onyango Arnold N., Makokha Anselimo. Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Their Association with the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya. Int J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;4(2):35-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11,
  author = {Thuita Ann Watetu and Kiage Nyanchama Beatrice and Onyango Arnold N. and Makokha Anselimo},
  title = {Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Their Association with the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya},
  journal = {International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {35-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20190402.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijde.20190402.11},
  abstract = {Type 2 diabetes is a public health problem and one of the most common life threatening conditions globally, due to its related complications that are usually very costly to treat, with increasing number of people being diagnosed with this condition each year. Presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular risks in Type 2 Diabetes patients increases the risk to complications. The objective of this study was to determine characteristics of type 2 diabetes patients and their association with MetS and associated cardiovascular risk. The study employed a cross section design method. Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes were recruited for the study from Thika Level Five Hospital in Kenya. Socio-demographic, clinical and lifestyle data were obtained using questionnaires. The nutrition status was determined by anthropometry. Other laboratory parameters that were determined included total cholesterol (TC), high density cholesterol (HDL-c) and low density cholesterol (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), and blood pressure (BP). Overall 153 (40.5% men and 59.5% women) Type 2 diabetic patients aged 20-79 years were included in the study. The overall mean age of patients was 56.07 years. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 86.3% as per WHO criteria. The MetS components were elevated waist circumference (WC, 90.8%), increased waist hip ratio (WHR, 86.9%), elevated blood pressure (65.7% & 72.5%) and elevated triglycerides (64.8%). The prevalence of occurrence of the components of the MetS was not significantly different among male and female patients except for WC, BMI and reduced serum HDL-C where women were at a significantly higher risk than men (P≤0.00.). The current study showed that income was associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure (BP), secondary education and years lived with diabetes were associated with elevated TG, while occupation showed some association with high WHR. Additionally Gender, marital status and type of residence were associated with elevated HDL while education, family history of diabetes and alcohol intake was associated with obesity. The prevalence of the MetS and associated cardiovascular risk among Type 2 Diabetes patients was high and similar among males and females. Enhanced surveillance on Mets and associated cardiovascular risk in Type 2 Diabetes in addition to application of preventive measures are critical in order to reduce the risk of macro vascular complications as well as increased cardiovascular risks in Type 2 Diabetes patients.},
 year = {2019}
}

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