Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite which is a major opportunistic pathogen in patients who are immunocompromised that having cancer disease. Little is known about the epidemiology of T. gondii infection in patients who are immunocompromised. This study investigate the possible association of T. gondii infection with cancer disease via determining the seropositivity rate of anti T. gondii antibodies (IgG and IgM) in Iraqi patients infected with breast and colorectal cancer and investigate the level of IL-6 in the studying groups. Overall 223 women serum samples that included 112 healthy controls samples and 111 samples with breast cancer (CA. Breast) and colorectal cancer (CA. CRC) enrolled in this study. The participants were tested for T. gondii immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) antibodies and (IL-6) levels. The results showed that 86 (77.46%) cancer sample out of 111 samples and 23 (20.54%) out of 112 control samples were positive to anti T. gondii IgG. The seropositive rate of anti T. gondii IgG in CA. Breast and CA. CRC patients (77.50%, 77.42%) respectively compared with control group (20.54%). The present results revealed that the higher percentages for anti-T. gondii IgG and IL-6 titer was among patients with CA. Breast and CA. CRC whose are seropositive to anti T. gondii IgG. In regard to the tumor size, higher mean levels of IgG and IL-6 was shown in the tumor size (> 5 cm). Concerning to the tumor stages, the highest mean titer of IgG and IL-6 in patients with CA. Breast and CA.CRC whose are seropositive to anti-T. gondii IgG was in stage (IIIC). According to the grade status, the highest mean titer of IgG Abs and IL-6 was in patients with CA. Breast and CA.CRC whose are seropositive to anti-T. gondii IgG was in grade (G3). The increased levels of anti-T. gondii IgG and IL-6 was significantly higher in CA. Breast and CA. CRC patients that infected with T. gondii compare with healthy control. Thus, anti-T. gondii IgG test and circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines has to be taken into consideration as markers for staging of the cancers.
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijcocr.20170204.13 |
| Published in | International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research (Volume 2, Issue 4, August 2017) |
| Page(s) | 86-92 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Toxoplasma gondii, IL6 Levels, Breast, Colorectal Cancer
| [1] | A. M. Tenter, A. R. Heckeroth, L. M. Weiss, Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans, International journal for parasitology, 30 2000 1217-1258. |
| [2] | S. A. Elmore, J. L. Jones, P. A. Conrad, S. Patton, D. S. Lindsay, J. Dubey, Toxoplasma gondii: epidemiology, feline clinical aspects, and prevention, Trends in parasitology, 26 2010 190-196. |
| [3] | C. Subauste, Toxoplasmosis and HIV, HIV InSite Knowledge Base, 2006. |
| [4] | I. D. Manger, A. B. Hehl, J. C. Boothroyd, The surface of Toxoplasma tachyzoites is dominated by a family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored antigens related to SAG1, Infection and immunity, 66 1998 2237-2244. |
| [5] | M. W. Black, J. C. Boothroyd, Lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 64 2000 607-623. |
| [6] | M. a. J. R. Beaman, Cytokines and resistance against Toxoplasma gondii: evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. C. C. N. C. Sonnenfeld, G. C. Czarniecki; C. Navy; G. I. Byrne; M. Degre, Biomed. Press, NewYork, 1992 111-119. |
| [7] | S. Bennouna, S. K. Bliss, T. J. Curiel, E. Y. Denkers, Cross-talk in the innate immune system: neutrophils instruct recruitment and activation of dendritic cells during microbial infection, The Journal of Immunology, 171 2003 6052-6058. |
| [8] | A. R. Satoskar, G. L. Simon, P. J. Hotez, M. Tsuji, Medical parasitology, Austin, Texas: Landes Bioscience. 297p, 2009. |
| [9] | S. McGuire, World cancer report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, international agency for research on cancer, WHO Press, 2015, Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 7 2016 418-419. |
| [10] | H. Knüpfer, R. Preiss, Serum interleukin-6 levels in colorectal cancer patients—a summary of published results, International journal of colorectal disease, 25 2010 135-140. |
| [11] | L. Aabasian, S. Shirbazou, M. Shamsi, S. Damghani, A. Delpisheh, Hormonal changes in women with breast cancer infected with Toxoplasma gondii, Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences, 3 2016 16-21. |
| [12] | I. Sahinl, Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Haemodialysis Patients, Yonsei medical journal, 44 2003 288-292. |
| [13] | P. Ravishankaran, R. Karunanithi, Clinical significance of preoperative serum interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein level in breast cancer patients, World journal of surgical oncology, 9 2011 18. |
| [14] | L. A. Lieberman, C. A. Hunter, The role of cytokines and their signaling pathways in the regulation of immunity to Toxoplasma gondii, International reviews of immunology, 21 2002 373-403. |
| [15] | J. Alexander, T. Scharton-Kersten, G. Yap, C. Roberts, F. Liew, A. Sher, Mechanisms of innate resistance to Toxoplasma gondii infection, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 352 1997 1355-1359. |
| [16] | A.-L. Molan, E. H. Rasheed, Study the Possible Link Between Toxoplasmosis and Different Kinds of Cancer in Iraq, American Journal of Life Science Researches, 4 2016. |
| [17] | M. Ghasemian, S. Maraghi, J. Saki, M. Pedram, Determination of antibodies (IgG, IgM) against Toxoplasma gondii in patients with cancer, Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 2 2007 1-6. |
| [18] | Z. Yuan, S. Gao, Q. Liu, X. Xia, X. Liu, B. Liu, R. Hu, Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cancer patients, Cancer Letters, 254 2007 71-74. |
| [19] | R. Fitzpatrick, The strange case of the transfer of training estimate, The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, 39 2001 18-19. |
| [20] | M. S. Ferreira, A. S. Borges, Some aspects of protozoan infections in immunocompromised patients: a review, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 97 2002 443-457. |
| [21] | S. Pradhan, R. Yadav, V. N. Mishra, Toxoplasma meningoencephalitis in HIV-seronegative patients: clinical patterns, imaging features and treatment outcome, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101 2007 25-33. |
| [22] | A. Ben-Baruch, Inflammatory cells, cytokines and chemokines in breast cancer progression: reciprocal tumor-microenvironment interactions, Breast Cancer Research, 5 2003 31-36. |
| [23] | G. Dranoff, Cytokines in cancer pathogenesis and cancer therapy, Nature Reviews Cancer, 4 2004 11-22. |
| [24] | H. Bloom, W. Richardson, Histological grading and prognosis in breast cancer: a study of 1409 cases of which 359 have been followed for 15 years, British journal of cancer, 11 1957 359. |
| [25] | S. Duffy, L. Tabar, G. Fagerberg, A. Gad, O. Gröntoft, M. South, N. Day, Breast screening, prognostic factors and survival--results from the Swedish two county study, British journal of cancer, 64 1991 1133. |
| [26] | J. Haybittle, R. Blamey, C. Elston, J. Johnson, P. Doyle, F. Campbell, R. Nicholson, K. Griffiths, A prognostic index in primary breast cancer, British journal of cancer, 45 1982 361. |
| [27] | J. Todd, C. Dowle, M. Williams, C. Elston, I. Ellis, C. Hinton, R. Blamey, J. Haybittle, Confirmation of a prognostic index in primary breast cancer, British journal of cancer, 56 1987 489. |
| [28] | P. W. Ewald, An evolutionary perspective on parasitism as a cause of cancer, Advances in parasitology, 68 2009 21-43. |
| [29] | Y. C. Chung, Y. F. Chang, Serum interleukin‐6 levels reflect the disease status of colorectal cancer, Journal of surgical oncology, 83 2003 222-226. |
| [30] | D.-K. Kim, S. Y. Oh, H.-C. Kwon, S. Lee, K. A. Kwon, B. G. Kim, S.-G. Kim, S.-H. Kim, J. S. Jang, M. C. Kim, Clinical significances of preoperative serum interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein level in operable gastric cancer, BMC cancer, 9 2009 155. |
| [31] | F. Ondriska, G. Cˇatár, G. Vozarová, The significance of complement fixation test in clinical diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, Bratislavske lekarske listy, 104 2003 189-196. |
| [32] | T. Ueda, E. Shimada, T. Urakawa, Serum levels of cytokines in patients with colorectal cancer: possible involvement of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in hematogenous metastasis, Journal of gastroenterology, 29 1994 423-429. |
| [33] | B. Mlecnik, M. Tosolini, A. Kirilovsky, A. Berger, G. Bindea, T. Meatchi, P. Bruneval, Z. Trajanoski, W.-H. Fridman, F. Pagès, Histopathologic-based prognostic factors of colorectal cancers are associated with the state of the local immune reaction, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29 2011 610-618. |
| [34] | L. Wang, L.-y. He, Z.-w. Chen, H. Wen, G.-s. Fang, Q.-l. Luo, K.-q. Huang, J.-l. Shen, Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in cancer patients in Anhui Province, Eastern China, Parasites & vectors, 8 2015 162. |
| [35] | K. Nakajima, Y. Yamanaka, K. Nakae, H. Kojima, M. Ichiba, N. Kiuchi, T. Kitaoka, T. Fukada, M. Hibi, T. Hirano, A central role for Stat3 in IL-6-induced regulation of growth and differentiation in M1 leukemia cells, The EMBO journal, 15 1996 3651. |
| [36] | J. Flegr, Influence of latent Toxoplasma infection on human personality, physiology and morphology: pros and cons of the Toxoplasma–human model in studying the manipulation hypothesis, Journal of Experimental Biology, 216 2013 127-133. |
| [37] | W. Brozek, G. Bises, T. Girsch, H. S. Cross, H. E. Kaiser, M. Peterlik, Differentiation-dependent expression and mitogenic action of interleukin-6 in human colon carcinoma cells: relevance for tumour progression, European Journal of Cancer, 41 2005 2347-2354. |
| [38] | A. Badache, N. E. Hynes, Interleukin 6 inhibits proliferation and, in cooperation with an epidermal growth factor receptor autocrine loop, increases migration of T47D breast cancer cells, Cancer Research, 61 2001 383-391. |
| [39] | J. J. Chiu, M. K. Sgagias, K. H. Cowan, Interleukin 6 acts as a paracrine growth factor in human mammary carcinoma cell lines, Clinical cancer research, 2 1996 215-221. |
| [40] | C. Lu, R. Kerbel, Interleukin-6 undergoes transition from paracrine growth inhibitor to autocrine stimulator during human melanoma progression, The Journal of cell biology, 120 1993 1281-1288. |
| [41] | A. Karczewska, S. Nawrocki, D. Brȩborowicz, V. Filas, A. Mackiewicz, Expression of interleukin‐6, interleukin‐6 receptor, and glycoprotein 130 correlates with good prognoses for patients with breast carcinoma, Cancer, 88 2000 2061-2071. |
| [42] | J. M. Bhatavdekar, D. D. Patel, N. G. Shah, H. H. Vora, T. P. Suthar, P. R. Chikhlikar, N. Ghosh, T. I. Trivedi, Prognostic significance of immunohistochemically localized biomarkers in stage II and stage III breast cancer: a multivariate analysis, Annals of surgical oncology, 7 2000 305-311. |
| [43] | J. Shimazaki, Y. Goto, K. Nishida, T. Tabuchi, G. Motohashi, H. Ubukata, T. Tabuchi, In patients with colorectal cancer, preoperative serum interleukin-6 level and granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio are clinically relevant biomarkers of long-term cancer progression, Oncology, 84 2013 356-361. |
| [44] | F. Esfandi, S. M. Ghobadloo, G. Basati, Interleukin-6 level in patients with colorectal cancer, Cancer letters, 244 2006 76-78. |
| [45] | W. Brozek, G. Bises, G. Fabjani, H. S. Cross, M. Peterlik, Clone-specific expression, transcriptional regulation, and action of interleukin-6 in human colon carcinoma cells, BMC cancer, 8 2008 13. |
| [46] | R. Bhadra, I. A. Khan, Redefining Chronic Toxoplasmosis—AT Cell Exhaustion Perspective, PLoS Pathog, 8 2012 e1002903. |
| [47] | H. Długońska, M. M. Grzybowski, Functional exhaustion of T lymphocytes in chronic toxoplasmosis, Ann. Parasitol, 59 2013 109-112. |
| [48] | S. Yazar, O. Yaman, B. Eser, F. Altuntaş, F. Kurnaz, I. Şahin, Investigation of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in patients with neoplasia, Journal of medical microbiology, 53 2004 1183-1186. |
| [49] | E. Barbera-Guillem, K. F. May, J. K. Nyhus, M. B. Nelson, Promotion of tumor invasion by cooperation of granulocytes and macrophages activated by anti-tumor antibodies, Neoplasia, 1 1999 453-460. |
| [50] | K. E. De Visser, A. Eichten, L. M. Coussens, Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development, Nature reviews cancer, 6 2006 24-37. |
| [51] | M. Aziz, T. Das, A. Rattan, Role of circulating immune complexes in prognostic evaluation and management of genitourinary cancer patients, Indian journal of cancer, 34 1997 111-120. |
| [52] | T. Dass, M. Aziz, A. Rattan, S. Tyagi, Clinical utility and monitoring of breast cancer by circulating immune complexes, Indian journal of pathology & microbiology, 35 1992 298-307. |
| [53] | J. S. Silver, J. S. Stumhofer, S. Passos, M. Ernst, C. A. Hunter, IL-6 mediates the susceptibility of glycoprotein 130 hypermorphs to Toxoplasma gondii, The Journal of Immunology, 187 2011 350-360. |
| [54] | G. Galizia, M. Orditura, C. Romano, E. Lieto, P. Castellano, L. Pelosio, V. Imperatore, G. Catalano, C. Pignatelli, F. De Vita, Prognostic significance of circulating IL-10 and IL-6 serum levels in colon cancer patients undergoing surgery, Clinical immunology, 102 2002 169-178. |
| [55] | H. Knüpfer, R. Preiß, Significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in breast cancer (review), Breast cancer research and treatment, 102 2007 129-135. |
| [56] | J. Prada, A. Liekfeld, F. Bergmann, P. Grobuschm, Expression of Interleukin-6, Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha and Nitric Oxides during Episodes of Ocular Toxoplasmosis in an Hiv Patient, Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 84 2006 18. |
| [57] | N. I. Nikiteas, N. Tzanakis, M. Gazouli, G. Rallis, K. Daniilidis, G. Theodoropoulos, A. Kostakis, G. Peros, Serum IL-6, TN Falpha and CRP levels in Greek colorectal cancer patients: prognostic implications, World J Gastroenterol, 11 2005 1639-1643. |
APA Style
Dalya Falih Ahmed, Entsar Jabbar Saheb. (2017). The Association of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Breast and Colorectal Cancer Patients. International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research, 2(4), 86-92. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcocr.20170204.13
ACS Style
Dalya Falih Ahmed; Entsar Jabbar Saheb. The Association of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Breast and Colorectal Cancer Patients. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. Cancer Res. 2017, 2(4), 86-92. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcocr.20170204.13
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijcocr.20170204.13,
author = {Dalya Falih Ahmed and Entsar Jabbar Saheb},
title = {The Association of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Breast and Colorectal Cancer Patients},
journal = {International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research},
volume = {2},
number = {4},
pages = {86-92},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijcocr.20170204.13},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcocr.20170204.13},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcocr.20170204.13},
abstract = {Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite which is a major opportunistic pathogen in patients who are immunocompromised that having cancer disease. Little is known about the epidemiology of T. gondii infection in patients who are immunocompromised. This study investigate the possible association of T. gondii infection with cancer disease via determining the seropositivity rate of anti T. gondii antibodies (IgG and IgM) in Iraqi patients infected with breast and colorectal cancer and investigate the level of IL-6 in the studying groups. Overall 223 women serum samples that included 112 healthy controls samples and 111 samples with breast cancer (CA. Breast) and colorectal cancer (CA. CRC) enrolled in this study. The participants were tested for T. gondii immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) antibodies and (IL-6) levels. The results showed that 86 (77.46%) cancer sample out of 111 samples and 23 (20.54%) out of 112 control samples were positive to anti T. gondii IgG. The seropositive rate of anti T. gondii IgG in CA. Breast and CA. CRC patients (77.50%, 77.42%) respectively compared with control group (20.54%). The present results revealed that the higher percentages for anti-T. gondii IgG and IL-6 titer was among patients with CA. Breast and CA. CRC whose are seropositive to anti T. gondii IgG. In regard to the tumor size, higher mean levels of IgG and IL-6 was shown in the tumor size (> 5 cm). Concerning to the tumor stages, the highest mean titer of IgG and IL-6 in patients with CA. Breast and CA.CRC whose are seropositive to anti-T. gondii IgG was in stage (IIIC). According to the grade status, the highest mean titer of IgG Abs and IL-6 was in patients with CA. Breast and CA.CRC whose are seropositive to anti-T. gondii IgG was in grade (G3). The increased levels of anti-T. gondii IgG and IL-6 was significantly higher in CA. Breast and CA. CRC patients that infected with T. gondii compare with healthy control. Thus, anti-T. gondii IgG test and circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines has to be taken into consideration as markers for staging of the cancers.},
year = {2017}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - The Association of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Breast and Colorectal Cancer Patients AU - Dalya Falih Ahmed AU - Entsar Jabbar Saheb Y1 - 2017/08/18 PY - 2017 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcocr.20170204.13 DO - 10.11648/j.ijcocr.20170204.13 T2 - International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research JF - International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research JO - International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research SP - 86 EP - 92 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2578-9511 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcocr.20170204.13 AB - Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite which is a major opportunistic pathogen in patients who are immunocompromised that having cancer disease. Little is known about the epidemiology of T. gondii infection in patients who are immunocompromised. This study investigate the possible association of T. gondii infection with cancer disease via determining the seropositivity rate of anti T. gondii antibodies (IgG and IgM) in Iraqi patients infected with breast and colorectal cancer and investigate the level of IL-6 in the studying groups. Overall 223 women serum samples that included 112 healthy controls samples and 111 samples with breast cancer (CA. Breast) and colorectal cancer (CA. CRC) enrolled in this study. The participants were tested for T. gondii immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) antibodies and (IL-6) levels. The results showed that 86 (77.46%) cancer sample out of 111 samples and 23 (20.54%) out of 112 control samples were positive to anti T. gondii IgG. The seropositive rate of anti T. gondii IgG in CA. Breast and CA. CRC patients (77.50%, 77.42%) respectively compared with control group (20.54%). The present results revealed that the higher percentages for anti-T. gondii IgG and IL-6 titer was among patients with CA. Breast and CA. CRC whose are seropositive to anti T. gondii IgG. In regard to the tumor size, higher mean levels of IgG and IL-6 was shown in the tumor size (> 5 cm). Concerning to the tumor stages, the highest mean titer of IgG and IL-6 in patients with CA. Breast and CA.CRC whose are seropositive to anti-T. gondii IgG was in stage (IIIC). According to the grade status, the highest mean titer of IgG Abs and IL-6 was in patients with CA. Breast and CA.CRC whose are seropositive to anti-T. gondii IgG was in grade (G3). The increased levels of anti-T. gondii IgG and IL-6 was significantly higher in CA. Breast and CA. CRC patients that infected with T. gondii compare with healthy control. Thus, anti-T. gondii IgG test and circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines has to be taken into consideration as markers for staging of the cancers. VL - 2 IS - 4 ER -
Information
Email: