International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy

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Feasibility Study of Vermicomposting of Textile Sludge Mixed with Cow Dung and Seed Germination Bioassay for Toxicity Evaluation of the Produced Compost

Received: 30 December 2014    Accepted: 23 January 2015    Published: 27 February 2015
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Abstract

Transformation of textile sludges into vermicomposts can convert these wastes into good quality manure. The present study investigate the feasibility of vermicomposting process to transform the textile sludge amended with cow dung in different ratio into value added products by using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida. Seed germination bioassay also investigated using mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) in order to evaluate the toxicity and maturity tests of those different mixtures and their produced composts. The result revealed that the E. foetida did not survive in fresh textile sludge. But worms grew and reproduced in textile sludge spiked with cow dung feed mixtures. Presence of more than 20% of textile sludge in feed mixture affected biomass gain and cocoon production largely by earthworms. The net weight gained by E. foetida in 100% cow dung was three fold higher than the feed mixture of 50% cow dung + 50% textile sludge. After 13 weeks, maximum cocoons (56 cocoons) were counted in 100% cow dung and minimum (6 cocoons) in 50% cow dung + 50% textile sludge feed mixture. Vermicomposting resulted in pH shift toward slightly acidic, significant reduction in TOC and C:N ratio, and increase in nitrogen phosphorus and sulphur content. Total potassium content, calcium content and heavy metal’s (Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn) content were lower in the final product than initial feed material. The results of phytotoxicity test showed that all the vermicompost products had the higher seed germination percentage, root elongation percentage and germination index than their respective initial feed mixtures. The feed mixtures having the textile sludge had various phytotoxic compounds which might inhibit seed germination before vermicomposting. But the vermicomposts of different feed mixtures having the presence of 100% cow dung and 10% - 20% textile sludge were matured compost and had no phytotoxic effects as they had the germination index higher than 60. All the results indicated that vermicomposting (using E. foetida) is a suitable technology for the decomposition of textile sludge into value added materials. This textile sludge could be converted into good quality manure by vermicomposting if mixed in appropriate ratio (up to 20% on dry weight basis) with cow dung.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijepp.s.2015030201.15
Published in International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 3, Issue 2-1, March 2015)

This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Environmental Researches

Page(s) 27-34
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vermicomposting, Textile Sludge, Cow Dung, Earthworm, Eisenia foetida, Brassica nigra

References
[1] Kaushik, P. and Garg, V.K., 2003. ‘Vermicomposting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung with the epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida’. Biores. Technol., 90 (3), pp. 311–316
[2] Abd El-Rahim, W.M., Khalil, W.K.B. and Mariam, G.E., 2008. ‘Genotoxicity studies on the removal of a direct textile dye by a fungal strain, in vivo, using micronucleus and RAPD-PCR techniques on male rats’. J. Applied Toxicol., 28, pp. 484-490.
[3] Ministry of Agriculture & Food, British Columbia, Canada, 1996. ‘The composting process’. Composting Factsheet, Order No. 382.500-2, Agdex: 537/727.
[4] Sabine, J.R., 1978. ‘The nutritive value of earthworm meals’, In Hartenstein, R., (ed.), Utilization of soil organisms in sludge management, Syracuse, State University of New York, pp. 122–130.
[5] Dudka, S. and Miller, W.P., 1999. ‘Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in plants and their transfer to human food chain’. J. Environ. Sci. Health B., 34, pp.681–708.
[6] Kaushik, P. and Garg, V.K., 2003. ‘Vermicomposting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung with the epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida’. Biores. Technol., 90 (3), pp. 311–316
[7] Kaushik, P. and Garg, V.K., 2004. ‘Dynamics of biological and chemical parameters during vermicomposting of solid textile mill sludge mixed with w dung and agricultural residues’. Biores. Technol., 94, pp. 203 – 209.
[8] Ndegwa, P.M., Thompson, S.A. and Das, K.C., 2000. ‘Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids’. Biores. Technol., 71, pp. 5–12.
[9] Crawford, J.H., 1983. ‘Review of composting’ Process Biochem., 18, pp.14-15.
[10] Viel, M., Sayag, D., Andre, L., 1987. ‘Optimization of agricultural, industrial waste management through in-vessel composting’. Elseiver Appl. Sci., Essex, pp. 230-237.
[11] Atiyeh, R.M., Dominguez, J., Subler, S., Edwards, C.A., 2000a. ‘Changes in biochemical properties of cow manure during processing by earthworms (Eisenia Andrei Bouche) and the effects on seedling growth’. Pedobiologia., 44, pp. 709-724.
[12] Tripathi, G. and Bhardwaj, P., 2004. ‘Comparative studies on biomass production, life cycles and composting efficiency of Eisenia foetida (Savigny) and Lampito mauritii (Kinberg)’. Biores Technol., 92, pp. 275-278.
[13] Hartenstein, R. and Hartenstein, F., 1981. ‘Physico-chemical changes affected in activated sludge by the earthworm Eisenia foetida’. J. of Environ. Qual., 10, pp. 377–382.
[14] Senesi, N., 1989. ‘Composted materials as organic fertilizers’. Total Environ. Sci., 81, pp. 521-524.
[15] Edwards, C.A. and Lofty, J.R., 1972. ‘Biology of earthworms’. Chapman & Hall, London.
[16] Delgado, M., Bigeriego, M., Walter, I. and Calbo, R., 1995. ‘Use of California red worm in sewage sludge transformation’. Turrialba., 45, pp. 33-41.
[17] Orozco, F.H., Cegarra, J., Trujillo, L.M. and Roig, A., 1996. ‘Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia foetida: effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients’. Biol. Fertil. Soil., 22, pp.162-166.
[18] Elvira, C., Sampedro, L., Benitez, E., Nogales, R., 1998. ‘Vermicomposting of sludges from paper mill and dairy industries with Eisenia andrei: a pilot scale study’. Biores. Technol., 63, pp. 205-211.
[19] Kaushik, P. and Garg, V.K., 2004. ‘Dynamics of biological and chemical parameters during vermicomposting of solid textile mill sludge mixed with w dung and agricultural residues’. Biores. Technol., 94, pp. 203 – 209.
[20] Chan, L.P.S. and Griffiths, D.A., 1988. ‘The vermicomposting of pre-treated pig manure’. Biol. Wastes., 24, pp. 57-69.
[21] Elvira, C., Sampedro, L., Dominguez, J. and Mato, S., 1997. ‘Vermicomposting of wastewater sludge from paper-pulp industry with nitrogen rich materials’. Soil Biol. Biochem., 29, pp. 759-762.
[22] Mathur, S.P., Dowen, G., Dinel and Shnitzer, H., 1993. ‘Determination of compost biomaturity: A literature review’. Biol. Agric. Hortic., 10, pp. 65-85.
[23] Roe, N., Stoffella, P. and Graetz, D., 1997. ‘Compost from various municipal solid waste feedstock- Emergenc and seedling growth’. J. Am. Soc. Hortcult. Sci., 122, pp. 427-432.
[24] Epstein, E., 1997. ‘The science of composting’. Technomic Publising Company, Inc., Pennsylvania, USA.
[25] Tiquia, S.M., 1996. ‘Assessing toxicity of spent sawdust pig-litter using seed germination technique’. Environ. Pollut., 93, pp. 249-256.
[26] Zocconi, F.M., Pera, A., Forte, M. and De Bertoldi, M., 1981. ‘Evaluating toxicity of immature compost’. Bio Cycle., 22, pp. 54-57.
[27] Campbell, A.G., Zhang, X. and Tripepi, R.R., 1995. ‘Composting a pulp and paper sludge for use as soil amendment mulch’. Compost. Sci. util., 3, pp. 84-95.
[28] Alvarez, M.A., Gangne, S. and Antoun, H., 1995. ‘Effect of compost on rhizosphere microflora of the tomato and on the incidence of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria’. Applied Environ. Microb., 61, pp. 194-199.
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Author Information
  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

  • Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

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    Nusrat Jakarin Easha, Md. Shiblur Rahaman, Taslima Zaman, Md. Khabir Uddin. (2015). Feasibility Study of Vermicomposting of Textile Sludge Mixed with Cow Dung and Seed Germination Bioassay for Toxicity Evaluation of the Produced Compost. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 3(2-1), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.s.2015030201.15

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    Nusrat Jakarin Easha; Md. Shiblur Rahaman; Taslima Zaman; Md. Khabir Uddin. Feasibility Study of Vermicomposting of Textile Sludge Mixed with Cow Dung and Seed Germination Bioassay for Toxicity Evaluation of the Produced Compost. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2015, 3(2-1), 27-34. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.s.2015030201.15

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    AMA Style

    Nusrat Jakarin Easha, Md. Shiblur Rahaman, Taslima Zaman, Md. Khabir Uddin. Feasibility Study of Vermicomposting of Textile Sludge Mixed with Cow Dung and Seed Germination Bioassay for Toxicity Evaluation of the Produced Compost. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2015;3(2-1):27-34. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.s.2015030201.15

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijepp.s.2015030201.15,
      author = {Nusrat Jakarin Easha and Md. Shiblur Rahaman and Taslima Zaman and Md. Khabir Uddin},
      title = {Feasibility Study of Vermicomposting of Textile Sludge Mixed with Cow Dung and Seed Germination Bioassay for Toxicity Evaluation of the Produced Compost},
      journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
      volume = {3},
      number = {2-1},
      pages = {27-34},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.s.2015030201.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.s.2015030201.15},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.s.2015030201.15},
      abstract = {Transformation of textile sludges into vermicomposts can convert these wastes into good quality manure. The present study investigate the feasibility of vermicomposting process to transform the textile sludge amended with cow dung in different ratio into value added products by using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida. Seed germination bioassay also investigated using mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) in order to evaluate the toxicity and maturity tests of those different mixtures and their produced composts. The result revealed that the E. foetida did not survive in fresh textile sludge. But worms grew and reproduced in textile sludge spiked with cow dung feed mixtures. Presence of more than 20% of textile sludge in feed mixture affected biomass gain and cocoon production largely by earthworms. The net weight gained by E. foetida in 100% cow dung was three fold higher than the feed mixture of 50% cow dung + 50% textile sludge. After 13 weeks, maximum cocoons (56 cocoons) were counted in 100% cow dung and minimum (6 cocoons) in 50% cow dung + 50% textile sludge feed mixture. Vermicomposting resulted in pH shift toward slightly acidic, significant reduction in TOC and C:N ratio, and increase in nitrogen phosphorus and sulphur content. Total potassium content, calcium content and heavy metal’s (Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn) content were lower in the final product than initial feed material. The results of phytotoxicity test showed that all the vermicompost products had the higher seed germination percentage, root elongation percentage and germination index than their respective initial feed mixtures. The feed mixtures having the textile sludge had various phytotoxic compounds which might inhibit seed germination before vermicomposting. But the vermicomposts of different feed mixtures having the  presence of 100% cow dung and 10% - 20% textile sludge were matured compost and had no phytotoxic effects as they had the germination index higher than 60. All the results indicated that vermicomposting (using E. foetida) is a suitable technology for the decomposition of textile sludge into value added materials. This textile sludge could be converted into good quality manure by vermicomposting if mixed in appropriate ratio (up to 20% on dry weight basis) with cow dung.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Feasibility Study of Vermicomposting of Textile Sludge Mixed with Cow Dung and Seed Germination Bioassay for Toxicity Evaluation of the Produced Compost
    AU  - Nusrat Jakarin Easha
    AU  - Md. Shiblur Rahaman
    AU  - Taslima Zaman
    AU  - Md. Khabir Uddin
    Y1  - 2015/02/27
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.s.2015030201.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepp.s.2015030201.15
    T2  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
    JF  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
    JO  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
    SP  - 27
    EP  - 34
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-7536
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.s.2015030201.15
    AB  - Transformation of textile sludges into vermicomposts can convert these wastes into good quality manure. The present study investigate the feasibility of vermicomposting process to transform the textile sludge amended with cow dung in different ratio into value added products by using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida. Seed germination bioassay also investigated using mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) in order to evaluate the toxicity and maturity tests of those different mixtures and their produced composts. The result revealed that the E. foetida did not survive in fresh textile sludge. But worms grew and reproduced in textile sludge spiked with cow dung feed mixtures. Presence of more than 20% of textile sludge in feed mixture affected biomass gain and cocoon production largely by earthworms. The net weight gained by E. foetida in 100% cow dung was three fold higher than the feed mixture of 50% cow dung + 50% textile sludge. After 13 weeks, maximum cocoons (56 cocoons) were counted in 100% cow dung and minimum (6 cocoons) in 50% cow dung + 50% textile sludge feed mixture. Vermicomposting resulted in pH shift toward slightly acidic, significant reduction in TOC and C:N ratio, and increase in nitrogen phosphorus and sulphur content. Total potassium content, calcium content and heavy metal’s (Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn) content were lower in the final product than initial feed material. The results of phytotoxicity test showed that all the vermicompost products had the higher seed germination percentage, root elongation percentage and germination index than their respective initial feed mixtures. The feed mixtures having the textile sludge had various phytotoxic compounds which might inhibit seed germination before vermicomposting. But the vermicomposts of different feed mixtures having the  presence of 100% cow dung and 10% - 20% textile sludge were matured compost and had no phytotoxic effects as they had the germination index higher than 60. All the results indicated that vermicomposting (using E. foetida) is a suitable technology for the decomposition of textile sludge into value added materials. This textile sludge could be converted into good quality manure by vermicomposting if mixed in appropriate ratio (up to 20% on dry weight basis) with cow dung.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 2-1
    ER  - 

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