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In vivo Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Cassia nigricans (Vahl) Against Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes (GIN) of Goats in West Nile Region, Uganda

Received: 28 March 2016     Accepted: 11 April 2016     Published: 27 April 2016
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Abstract

Several plants are used by farmers for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in goats. However, their phytochemical properties, efficacy and safety is largely unknown. A trial was therefore designed to determine in vivo efficacy of ethanolic extract of Cassia nigricans against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in goats. Cassia nigricans leaves were collected from Arua District, Uganda. Ethanolic extraction method was to prepare extracts and the experimental goats were dosed accordingly. Treatments were assigned to five (5) groups of goats (n=9) as follows: Group A, the negative control (30ml of distilled water; group B, the positive control (Albendazole 10%, 8mg/kg). Groups C, D and E received extracts at 50, 100 and 150mg/kg, respectively. Live weights (LWs kg), faecal samples (for faecal egg count reduction (FECR) based on eggs per gram (EPGs) of faeces, packed cell volume (PCV %), total protein (TP g/dL), body condition scores (1-5) and Faffa Malan Chart (FAMACHA scores 1-5) were taken on day 1 of the experiment and subsequently at 7-day intervals for 4 weeks. Results revealed that a significant increase in LWs by 2nd week was observed in goats treated with Albendazole from 20.8 ± 1.9 to 21.9 ± 1.8 (p ≤ 0.05). No change in LWs and in TP was observed in all other groups (p ≥ 0.05). Only Albendazole treated group exhibited a significant increase of PCV in the 2nd week (p ≤ 0.05). EPGs were observed to significantly drop in those treated with Albendazole by the 2nd week from 300 ± 91 to 0 ± 0 and extract at 150 mg/kg dose from 740 ± 236 to 60 ± 25 (p ≤ 0.05). The FECR for Albendazole, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg doses of the extract were found to be 100%, 37.3%, 66.6% and 83.8% respectively. Only at 150 mg/kg dose did the extract show moderate efficacy in reducing mixed Strongyle spp faecal egg counts in goats. Strongyles spp. were the most predominant genera of nematodes found in goats. Further evaluations of leaf extracts and other plant parts is necessary to establish its potential as a source of local effective remedy against gastro-intestinal nematodes in goats.

Published in American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (Volume 4, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajcem.20160403.12
Page(s) 43-49
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Ethnoveterinary, Medicine, Cassia nigricans, Gastro-Intestinal, Nematodes, West Nile

References
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[3] Githiori J, Höglund J, Waller P, Leyden B. Evaluation of anthelmintic properties of extracts from some plants used as livestock dewormers by pastoralist and smallholder farmers in Kenya against Heligmosomoides polygyrus infections in mice. Vet Parasitol. 2003;118 (3-4): 215-26.
[4] Ayo R, Amupitan J, Ndukwe I, Audu O. Some chemical constituents of the leaves of Cassia nigricans, Vahl African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2009 3(11): 208-11.
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[6] Ayo RG. Phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of the extracts of Cassia nigricans Vahl: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2010;4(14): 1339-48.
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[15] Githiori J, Hoglund J, Waller P. Ethnoveterinary plant preparations as livestock dewormers: practices, popular beliefs, pitfalls and prospects for the future. Anim Health Res Rev. 2005; 6(1): 91-103.
[16] Abo K, Lasaki S, Adeyemi A. Laxative and antimicrobial properties of Cassia species growing in Ibadan. Nig. J. Nat. Prod Med. 1999. 3: pp. 47-50.
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    Peter Oba, Denis Asizua, Godwin Komuntaro, Nasser Kasozi, Moses Kalenzi, et al. (2016). In vivo Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Cassia nigricans (Vahl) Against Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes (GIN) of Goats in West Nile Region, Uganda. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 4(3), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20160403.12

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    ACS Style

    Peter Oba; Denis Asizua; Godwin Komuntaro; Nasser Kasozi; Moses Kalenzi, et al. In vivo Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Cassia nigricans (Vahl) Against Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes (GIN) of Goats in West Nile Region, Uganda. Am. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2016, 4(3), 43-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcem.20160403.12

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    AMA Style

    Peter Oba, Denis Asizua, Godwin Komuntaro, Nasser Kasozi, Moses Kalenzi, et al. In vivo Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Cassia nigricans (Vahl) Against Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes (GIN) of Goats in West Nile Region, Uganda. Am J Clin Exp Med. 2016;4(3):43-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcem.20160403.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajcem.20160403.12,
      author = {Peter Oba and Denis Asizua and Godwin Komuntaro and Nasser Kasozi and Moses Kalenzi and Michael Apamaku and John Kateregga and James Okwee-Acai and Jimmy G. Ndukui and William Kabasa and Katali K. Benda},
      title = {In vivo Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Cassia nigricans (Vahl) Against Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes (GIN) of Goats in West Nile Region, Uganda},
      journal = {American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine},
      volume = {4},
      number = {3},
      pages = {43-49},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajcem.20160403.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20160403.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcem.20160403.12},
      abstract = {Several plants are used by farmers for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in goats. However, their phytochemical properties, efficacy and safety is largely unknown. A trial was therefore designed to determine in vivo efficacy of ethanolic extract of Cassia nigricans against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in goats. Cassia nigricans leaves were collected from Arua District, Uganda. Ethanolic extraction method was to prepare extracts and the experimental goats were dosed accordingly. Treatments were assigned to five (5) groups of goats (n=9) as follows: Group A, the negative control (30ml of distilled water; group B, the positive control (Albendazole 10%, 8mg/kg). Groups C, D and E received extracts at 50, 100 and 150mg/kg, respectively. Live weights (LWs kg), faecal samples (for faecal egg count reduction (FECR) based on eggs per gram (EPGs) of faeces, packed cell volume (PCV %), total protein (TP g/dL), body condition scores (1-5) and Faffa Malan Chart (FAMACHA scores 1-5) were taken on day 1 of the experiment and subsequently at 7-day intervals for 4 weeks. Results revealed that a significant increase in LWs by 2nd week was observed in goats treated with Albendazole from 20.8 ± 1.9 to 21.9 ± 1.8 (p ≤ 0.05). No change in LWs and in TP was observed in all other groups (p ≥ 0.05). Only Albendazole treated group exhibited a significant increase of PCV in the 2nd week (p ≤ 0.05). EPGs were observed to significantly drop in those treated with Albendazole by the 2nd week from 300 ± 91 to 0 ± 0 and extract at 150 mg/kg dose from 740 ± 236 to 60 ± 25 (p ≤ 0.05). The FECR for Albendazole, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg doses of the extract were found to be 100%, 37.3%, 66.6% and 83.8% respectively. Only at 150 mg/kg dose did the extract show moderate efficacy in reducing mixed Strongyle spp faecal egg counts in goats. Strongyles spp.  were the most predominant genera of nematodes found in goats. Further evaluations of leaf extracts and other plant parts is necessary to establish its potential as a source of local effective remedy against gastro-intestinal nematodes in goats.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - In vivo Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Cassia nigricans (Vahl) Against Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes (GIN) of Goats in West Nile Region, Uganda
    AU  - Peter Oba
    AU  - Denis Asizua
    AU  - Godwin Komuntaro
    AU  - Nasser Kasozi
    AU  - Moses Kalenzi
    AU  - Michael Apamaku
    AU  - John Kateregga
    AU  - James Okwee-Acai
    AU  - Jimmy G. Ndukui
    AU  - William Kabasa
    AU  - Katali K. Benda
    Y1  - 2016/04/27
    PY  - 2016
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20160403.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcem.20160403.12
    T2  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
    JF  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
    JO  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
    SP  - 43
    EP  - 49
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8133
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20160403.12
    AB  - Several plants are used by farmers for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in goats. However, their phytochemical properties, efficacy and safety is largely unknown. A trial was therefore designed to determine in vivo efficacy of ethanolic extract of Cassia nigricans against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in goats. Cassia nigricans leaves were collected from Arua District, Uganda. Ethanolic extraction method was to prepare extracts and the experimental goats were dosed accordingly. Treatments were assigned to five (5) groups of goats (n=9) as follows: Group A, the negative control (30ml of distilled water; group B, the positive control (Albendazole 10%, 8mg/kg). Groups C, D and E received extracts at 50, 100 and 150mg/kg, respectively. Live weights (LWs kg), faecal samples (for faecal egg count reduction (FECR) based on eggs per gram (EPGs) of faeces, packed cell volume (PCV %), total protein (TP g/dL), body condition scores (1-5) and Faffa Malan Chart (FAMACHA scores 1-5) were taken on day 1 of the experiment and subsequently at 7-day intervals for 4 weeks. Results revealed that a significant increase in LWs by 2nd week was observed in goats treated with Albendazole from 20.8 ± 1.9 to 21.9 ± 1.8 (p ≤ 0.05). No change in LWs and in TP was observed in all other groups (p ≥ 0.05). Only Albendazole treated group exhibited a significant increase of PCV in the 2nd week (p ≤ 0.05). EPGs were observed to significantly drop in those treated with Albendazole by the 2nd week from 300 ± 91 to 0 ± 0 and extract at 150 mg/kg dose from 740 ± 236 to 60 ± 25 (p ≤ 0.05). The FECR for Albendazole, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg doses of the extract were found to be 100%, 37.3%, 66.6% and 83.8% respectively. Only at 150 mg/kg dose did the extract show moderate efficacy in reducing mixed Strongyle spp faecal egg counts in goats. Strongyles spp.  were the most predominant genera of nematodes found in goats. Further evaluations of leaf extracts and other plant parts is necessary to establish its potential as a source of local effective remedy against gastro-intestinal nematodes in goats.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • National Agricultural Research Organization, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Arua, Uganda

  • National Agricultural Research Organization, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Arua, Uganda

  • National Agricultural Research Organization, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Arua, Uganda

  • National Agricultural Research Organization, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Arua, Uganda

  • National Agricultural Research Organization, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Arua, Uganda

  • National Agricultural Research Organization, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Arua, Uganda

  • Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

  • Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

  • Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

  • Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

  • National Agricultural Research Organization, Kachwekano Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Kabale, Uganda

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