Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample

Olutaiwo Adewale; Ajisafe Segun; Adanikin Ariyo

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12

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Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample

Olutaiwo Adewale, Ajisafe Segun, Adanikin Ariyo

Published in American Journal of Civil Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 4)

Received: 20 April 2017 Accepted: 2 May 2017 Published: 19 June 2017

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Abstract

There have been global efforts to reduce environmental pollution of agricultural and industrial waste products by utilizing such wastes as stabilizing agents to improve soils for various uses, especially road construction. In this research, lateritic soil sample obtained from a borrow pit was tested with varying percentages of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS). The soil was classified as A-6 (AASHTO classification) using standard soil laboratory tests. Laboratory tests such as Atterberg Limits, Compaction, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were conducted on the soil + PPKS mix only and also on soil + PPKS + 3% Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) mix. The liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI) values decreased steadily with increase in PPKS while the plastic limit (PL) value increased with up to 4% PPKS addition after which the values started decreasing. The shrinkage limit (SL) value increased with a peak value at 8% PPKS addition after which the values began to decrease. The Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) results on PPKS addition increased from 16% to 19.5% while the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) decreased by 45.18% from 1.669g/m³ to 0.915g/m³. Addition of PPKS decreased the Unsoaked CBR by 10.79% from 68.60 to 61.20% while the Soaked CBR increased by 74.12% from 18.05% to 69.75%. UCS values for the lateritic soil and PPKS for the uncured sample, at 7 days and 14 days had peak values of 85.03, 96.46 and 100.44 respectively. From the study, it can be concluded that the properties of the Lateritic soil improved when stabilized with Cement and pulverized palm kernel shell compared to when it was stabilized with pulverized palm kernel shell alone.

Published in	American Journal of Civil Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12
Page(s)	205-211
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell, Ordinary Portland Cement, Stabilization, CBR

References

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[2]	Gomes, C. A., Reis, F. S. & Fortunato, E. (2011). “Case Study to Promote the use of Byproducts: The Relevance of Performance Tests.” Program and Abstracts of ASTM International Symposium on Testing and specification of Recycled Materials for Sustainable Geotechnical Construction, Baltimore, U.S.A., p. 25
[3]	Hossain, Z., Solanki, P., Zaman, M., Lewis, A. S. & Hobson, K. (2011). “Influence of Recovery Processes on Properties of Binders and Aggregates Recovered from Recycled Asphalt Pavement.” Program and Abstracts of ASTM International Symposium on Testing and specification of Recycled Materials for Sustainable Geotechnical Construction, Baltimore, U.S.A., p. 13.
[4]	Obeng K, Ocran KAG, & Anaba D (1997). Palm Kernel Shell as fuel for burning bricks. Building Resources Info. 2(5), 131-136
[5]	Ibhadode, A. O. A, Dagwa, I. M (2008). Development of asbestos free friction lining material from palm kernel shell. Journal of Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences Engineers. 3(1), 166-173
[6]	Obisesan, I. O (2004). Yield, the ultimate crop improvement. Inaugural Lecture Series No 168. Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife.
[7]	Adewumi, I. K (2009). Activated Carbon for water treatment in Nigeria: Problems and prospects, In: Yanful EK (ed). Appropriate technologies for environmental protection in developing Worlds. Netherlands: Springer. 115-122.
[8]	Pihl, K. A & Milvang-Jensen, O. (2009). “The Motivation Factors in the Development and Sustainment of a Well-Functioning Recycling Industry for Road and Non-road By-products in Denmark” www.uctc.net/papers/683.pdf
[9]	O’Flaherty, C. A. (2002). Highways: The Location, Design, Construction and Maintenance of Pavements. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK.
[10]	Alao, D. A., (1983). Geology and Engineering Properties of Laterites from Ilorin, Nigeria. Engineering Geology Journal. 19, 111–118, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
[11]	Jimoh, Y. A & Apampa, O. A (2014). An Evaluation of the Influence of Corn Cob Ash on the Strength Parameters of Lateritic Soils. Civil and Environmental Research. 6(5), 1-10
[12]	Amu, O. O. & Adetuberu, A. A. (2010). Characteristics of bamboo leaf ash stabilization on lateritic soil in Highway Construction. International Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2(4), 212-219.
[13]	Alhassan, M. (2008) Potentials of rice husk ash for soil stabilization. A. U. Journal of Technology. 246 - 250.
[14]	Amu, O. O., Ogunniyi, S. A. & Oladeji, O. O (2011). Geotechnical Properties Of Lateritic Soil Stabilized With Sugarcane Straw Ash. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2(2), 323-331.
[15]	Oluremi, R. O, Adedokun, S. I & Osuolale, O. M (2012). Effects of Coconut Husk Ash on Stabilization of Poor Lateritic Soils. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 13(2), 499-507
[16]	Amadi, A & James, O. (2015). Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Fly Ash as a Sustainable Structural Material for Flexible Pavement Construction. International Engineering Conference (IEC). www.seetconf.futminna.edu.ng. 277-282
[17]	Edil, T. B., Acosta, H. A. and Benson. C. H. (2006), “Stabilizing Soft Fine-Grained Soils with Fly Ash," Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, March/April, pp 283-94.

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APA Style

Olutaiwo Adewale, Ajisafe Segun, Adanikin Ariyo. (2017). Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 5(4), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12

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ACS Style

Olutaiwo Adewale; Ajisafe Segun; Adanikin Ariyo. Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample. Am. J. Civ. Eng. 2017, 5(4), 205-211. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12

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AMA Style

Olutaiwo Adewale, Ajisafe Segun, Adanikin Ariyo. Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample. Am J Civ Eng. 2017;5(4):205-211. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12,
  author = {Olutaiwo Adewale and Ajisafe Segun and Adanikin Ariyo},
  title = {Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample},
  journal = {American Journal of Civil Engineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {205-211},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajce.20170504.12},
  abstract = {There have been global efforts to reduce environmental pollution of agricultural and industrial waste products by utilizing such wastes as stabilizing agents to improve soils for various uses, especially road construction. In this research, lateritic soil sample obtained from a borrow pit was tested with varying percentages of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS). The soil was classified as A-6 (AASHTO classification) using standard soil laboratory tests. Laboratory tests such as Atterberg Limits, Compaction, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were conducted on the soil + PPKS mix only and also on soil + PPKS + 3% Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) mix. The liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI) values decreased steadily with increase in PPKS while the plastic limit (PL) value increased with up to 4% PPKS addition after which the values started decreasing. The shrinkage limit (SL) value increased with a peak value at 8% PPKS addition after which the values began to decrease. The Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) results on PPKS addition increased from 16% to 19.5% while the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) decreased by 45.18% from 1.669g/m3 to 0.915g/m3. Addition of PPKS decreased the Unsoaked CBR by 10.79% from 68.60 to 61.20% while the Soaked CBR increased by 74.12% from 18.05% to 69.75%. UCS values for the lateritic soil and PPKS for the uncured sample, at 7 days and 14 days had peak values of 85.03, 96.46 and 100.44 respectively. From the study, it can be concluded that the properties of the Lateritic soil improved when stabilized with Cement and pulverized palm kernel shell compared to when it was stabilized with pulverized palm kernel shell alone.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample
AU  - Olutaiwo Adewale
AU  - Ajisafe Segun
AU  - Adanikin Ariyo
Y1  - 2017/06/19
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12
T2  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
SP  - 205
EP  - 211
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12
AB  - There have been global efforts to reduce environmental pollution of agricultural and industrial waste products by utilizing such wastes as stabilizing agents to improve soils for various uses, especially road construction. In this research, lateritic soil sample obtained from a borrow pit was tested with varying percentages of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS). The soil was classified as A-6 (AASHTO classification) using standard soil laboratory tests. Laboratory tests such as Atterberg Limits, Compaction, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were conducted on the soil + PPKS mix only and also on soil + PPKS + 3% Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) mix. The liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI) values decreased steadily with increase in PPKS while the plastic limit (PL) value increased with up to 4% PPKS addition after which the values started decreasing. The shrinkage limit (SL) value increased with a peak value at 8% PPKS addition after which the values began to decrease. The Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) results on PPKS addition increased from 16% to 19.5% while the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) decreased by 45.18% from 1.669g/m3 to 0.915g/m3. Addition of PPKS decreased the Unsoaked CBR by 10.79% from 68.60 to 61.20% while the Soaked CBR increased by 74.12% from 18.05% to 69.75%. UCS values for the lateritic soil and PPKS for the uncured sample, at 7 days and 14 days had peak values of 85.03, 96.46 and 100.44 respectively. From the study, it can be concluded that the properties of the Lateritic soil improved when stabilized with Cement and pulverized palm kernel shell compared to when it was stabilized with pulverized palm kernel shell alone.
VL  - 5
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Olutaiwo Adewale

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
Ajisafe Segun

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
Adanikin Ariyo

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria

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APA Style

Olutaiwo Adewale, Ajisafe Segun, Adanikin Ariyo. (2017). Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 5(4), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12

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ACS Style

Olutaiwo Adewale; Ajisafe Segun; Adanikin Ariyo. Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample. Am. J. Civ. Eng. 2017, 5(4), 205-211. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12

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AMA Style

Olutaiwo Adewale, Ajisafe Segun, Adanikin Ariyo. Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample. Am J Civ Eng. 2017;5(4):205-211. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12,
  author = {Olutaiwo Adewale and Ajisafe Segun and Adanikin Ariyo},
  title = {Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample},
  journal = {American Journal of Civil Engineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {205-211},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajce.20170504.12},
  abstract = {There have been global efforts to reduce environmental pollution of agricultural and industrial waste products by utilizing such wastes as stabilizing agents to improve soils for various uses, especially road construction. In this research, lateritic soil sample obtained from a borrow pit was tested with varying percentages of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS). The soil was classified as A-6 (AASHTO classification) using standard soil laboratory tests. Laboratory tests such as Atterberg Limits, Compaction, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were conducted on the soil + PPKS mix only and also on soil + PPKS + 3% Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) mix. The liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI) values decreased steadily with increase in PPKS while the plastic limit (PL) value increased with up to 4% PPKS addition after which the values started decreasing. The shrinkage limit (SL) value increased with a peak value at 8% PPKS addition after which the values began to decrease. The Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) results on PPKS addition increased from 16% to 19.5% while the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) decreased by 45.18% from 1.669g/m3 to 0.915g/m3. Addition of PPKS decreased the Unsoaked CBR by 10.79% from 68.60 to 61.20% while the Soaked CBR increased by 74.12% from 18.05% to 69.75%. UCS values for the lateritic soil and PPKS for the uncured sample, at 7 days and 14 days had peak values of 85.03, 96.46 and 100.44 respectively. From the study, it can be concluded that the properties of the Lateritic soil improved when stabilized with Cement and pulverized palm kernel shell compared to when it was stabilized with pulverized palm kernel shell alone.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Structural Evaluation of the Effect of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) on Cement-Modified Lateritic Soil Sample
AU  - Olutaiwo Adewale
AU  - Ajisafe Segun
AU  - Adanikin Ariyo
Y1  - 2017/06/19
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12
T2  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
SP  - 205
EP  - 211
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20170504.12
AB  - There have been global efforts to reduce environmental pollution of agricultural and industrial waste products by utilizing such wastes as stabilizing agents to improve soils for various uses, especially road construction. In this research, lateritic soil sample obtained from a borrow pit was tested with varying percentages of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS). The soil was classified as A-6 (AASHTO classification) using standard soil laboratory tests. Laboratory tests such as Atterberg Limits, Compaction, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) were conducted on the soil + PPKS mix only and also on soil + PPKS + 3% Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) mix. The liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI) values decreased steadily with increase in PPKS while the plastic limit (PL) value increased with up to 4% PPKS addition after which the values started decreasing. The shrinkage limit (SL) value increased with a peak value at 8% PPKS addition after which the values began to decrease. The Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) results on PPKS addition increased from 16% to 19.5% while the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) decreased by 45.18% from 1.669g/m3 to 0.915g/m3. Addition of PPKS decreased the Unsoaked CBR by 10.79% from 68.60 to 61.20% while the Soaked CBR increased by 74.12% from 18.05% to 69.75%. UCS values for the lateritic soil and PPKS for the uncured sample, at 7 days and 14 days had peak values of 85.03, 96.46 and 100.44 respectively. From the study, it can be concluded that the properties of the Lateritic soil improved when stabilized with Cement and pulverized palm kernel shell compared to when it was stabilized with pulverized palm kernel shell alone.
VL  - 5
IS  - 4
ER  -

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