The increasing failure of chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic microbial infectious agents has lead to the screening of several medicinal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity. The medicinal properties shown by different medicinal plants are due to the phytochemicals present in the plant. These phytochemicals are the most vital sources for the treatment of destructive diseases. Different phytochemicals have an extensive range of activities, which helps to enhance the immune system and give resistance against long term disease to protect the body from harmful pathogens. To determine the antibacterial activity of Citrus sinensis and Solanum lycopersicum on wound isolated from Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis Kaduna Nigeria was the main purpose of this study. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of powdered C. sinensis peel and fresh fruit of S. lycopersicum were used for the qualitative measurement of various phytochemicals present in these plants. The phytochemical screening of the extracts yielded positive results for carbohydrates, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, triterpene, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Wound swab samples of patients from five (5) selected hospitals within Kaduna metropolis yielded Bacillus cereus, Myroides Species and Staphylococcus lentus. The Citrus sinensis ethanolic and aqueous extracts as well as the Solanum lycopersicum ethanolic and aqueous extracts demonstrated a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against the three pathogenic bacteria of wound origin. The result of the tests indicate that orange peel ethanolic extract, tomato aqueous extract and tomato ethanolic extract showed the highest inhibition against Bacillus cereus 22mm, 20mm and 15mm respectively while highest inhibition of orange peel aqueous extract 19.5mm was recorded for Myroides spp. Lowest inhibition of tomato aqueous extract and tomato ethanolic extract were recorded for Staphylococcus lentus 15.2mm and 13.17mm respectively. Orange peel ethanolic extract and orange peel aqueous extract did not inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus lentus respectively. Extracts which exhibited high activities against one or several pathogenic wound isolates were further assayed for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The present study concludes that orange peel ethanolic, tomato aqueous and tomato ethanolic extracts showed highest antibacterial activity against the organism Bacillus cereus while orange peel aqueous showed highest antibacterial activity against Myroide spp. and there was a significant difference in the level of inhibition among the organisms isolated.
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijbmr.20180602.13 |
| Published in | International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research (Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2018) |
| Page(s) | 40-49 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Ethanolic Extract, Aqueous Extract, Phytochemical, Bacillus cereus, Myroides Species, Staphylococcus lentus, Antibacterial Activity, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
| [1] | Westh, H., Zinn, C. S. and Rosdahl, V. T. (2004). An International Multi Cancer Study of Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in S. aureus Isolated from 15 hospitals in 14 Countries. Journal of Microbial Drug Resistance. 10: 169-176. |
| [2] | Stafford, G. I., Jäger, A. K. and van Staden J. (2004). Effect of Storage on the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Several Popular South African Medicinal Plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 97: 107-115. |
| [3] | Parekh, J. and Chanda S. (2007). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Trapa nantans L. Fruit Rind Extracted in Different Solvents. African Journal of Biotechnology. 6: 776-770. |
| [4] | O`meara, S. N., Callum, N. A., Majid, M. and Sheldon, T. A. (2001). Systematic Review of Antimicrobial Agents Used for Chronic Wounds. British Journal of Surgery. 88 (1): 421. Parekh, J. and Chanda S. (2007). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of nantans L. Fruit Rind Extracted in Different Solvents. African Journal Biotechnology. 6: 776 -770. |
| [5] | Obi, R. K., Nwanebu, E. C., Ndubuisi-Nnaji U. U., Onuoha, L. N and Chiegboka, N. (2011). Ethanolic Extraction and Phytochemical Screening of Two Nigerian Herbs on Pathogens Isolated from Wound Infections. International Journal of Comprehensive Pharmacy. 10 (2): 1-5. |
| [6] | Scazzocchio, F., Cometa, M. F., Tomassini, L. and Palmery, M. (2001). Antibacterial Activity of Hydrastis canadensis Extract and Its Major Isolated Alkaloids. Journal of Plant Medicine. 67: 561-563. |
| [7] | Okwi, D. E. and Emenike, I. N. (2006). Evaluation of the Phytonutrients and Vitamins Contents of Citrus Fruits. International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advance Sciences. 2 (1): 1-6. |
| [8] | Nisha, N. S., Anu, S. A. and Syed N. R. J. (2013). Antibacterial Activity of Citrus sinensis Peel against Enteric Pathogens. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science 2 (5): 1-13. |
| [9] | Al- Snafi, A. E. (2013). Nutritional Value and Pharmacological Importance of Citrus species Grown in Iraq. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy. 6 (8): 76- 108. |
| [10] | Milind, P. and Dev, C. (2012). Orange: Range of Benefits. International Journal Research Pharmacy. 3 (7): 59-63. |
| [11] | Mandalari, G., Bennett, R. N., Bisignano, G., Saija, A., Dugo, G., Faulds, C. B. and Waldron K. W. (2006). Characterization of Flavonoids and Pectin from Bergamot (Bergamia risso) Peel: A Major Byproduct of Essential Oil Extraction. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54: 197-203. |
| [12] | Roger, G. D. P. (2002). Education and Health Library (editorial). Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Safeliz SL. Spain. 1: 153-154. |
| [13] | Omobuwajo, O. R., Gbolade, A. A., Nia, R. and Adewoyin, F. B. (2005). The 11th Symposium of the Natural Product Research Network for Eastern and Central Africa (NAPRECA) August 12th-19th. Madagascar, Antananarivo. 72. |
| [14] | Kumar A. K. (2011). Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Citrus Fruit Peels Utilization of Fruit Waste. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. 3 (6): 5414- 5421. |
| [15] | Kanaze, F. I., Termentzi, A., Gabrieli C., Niopas, I., Georgarakis, M. and Kokkalou, E. (2008). The phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Assessment of Peel (Citrus sinensis) Cultivated in Greece-Crete indicates a New Source Hesperidin. Journal of Biomedical Chromatography. 23: 239-249. |
| [16] | Krishna, M. J., Bhaumik, A. and Kumar, S. P. (2013). Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Studies of Various Extracts of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences (SAJB). 1 (2): 34-38. |
| [17] | Sarah, C. D., Sandra, K. and Iris, E. P. (2003). Taxonomy of Tomatoes in the Galápagos Islands: Native and Introduced Species of Solanum Lycopersicon (Solanaceae). Journal of Systematics and Biodiversity. 1 (1): 29–53. |
| [18] | Dilis, B. and Trichopoulou, A. (2010). The Journal of Nutrition. Bethesda. 140 (7): 1274- 1279. |
| [19] | Dorais, M., Ehret, D. L. and Papadopoulos, A. P. (2008) Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Health Components: from the Seed to the Consumer. Journal of Phytochemical Reviews. 1–20. |
| [20] | Rajkumar, S. and Jebanesan, A. (2004). Ovicidal Activity of Solanum trilobatum Linn (Solanaceae); Leaf Extract against Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Culex triaeniorhyncus Gile (Diptera: Culicidae. International Journal of Tropical Science. 24: 340-342. |
| [21] | Frusciante, L., Carli, P., Ercolano, M. R., Pernice, R., Di Matteo, A., Fogliano, V. and Pellegrini, N. (2007). Antioxidant Nutritional Quality of Tomato. Journal of Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 51 (5): 609–617. |
| [22] | Jacob, K., Garcia, F. J. and Ros, G. (2010). Archivos Latinoamericanos De. Nutricion 60 (2): 192. |
| [23] | Morrow, W. J. W., Yang, Y-W and Sheikh, N. A. (2004). Immunobiology of the Tomatine Adjuvant Vaccine. 22 (19): 2380 –2384. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.022. |
| [24] | Friedman, M. Henika, P. R., Levin, C. E., Mandrell, R. E. (2007). Recipes for Antimicrobial Wine Marinades against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. Journal of Food Science. 72: M207-M213. |
| [25] | Willcox, J. K., Catignani, G. L. And Lazarus, S. (2003). Tomatoes and Cardiovascular Health. Journal of Critical Reviews on Food Science and Nutrition. 43 (1): 1–18. |
| [26] | Bose, K. S. C. and Agrawal, B. K. (2007). Effect of Short Term Supplementation of Tomatoes on Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Type-II Diabetes. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 22 (1): 95–98. |
| [27] | Engelhard, Y. N., Gazer, B. and Paran, E. (2006). Natural Antioxidants from Tomato Extract Reduce Blood Pressure in Patients with Grade-1 Hypertension: A Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study. American Heart Journal. 151 (1): 100. |
| [28] | Al- Oqaili, R. M. S., MohammedIstabreq, B. B. and Salman, M. A. (2014). In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Solanum lycopersicum Extract against Some Pathogenic Bacteria. Journal of Food Science and Quality Management. 27: 12-17. |
| [29] | Holmes, B., Snell, J. J. S., Lapage, S. P., (1977). Revised Description, from Clinical Isolates, of Flavobacterium odoratum Stutzer and Kwaschnina 1929, and Designation of the Neotype Strain. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 27 (4): 330–336. |
| [30] | Bernardet, J.-F., Segers, P., Vancanneyt, M., Berthe, F., Kersters, K. and Vandamme, P. (1996). Cutting a Gordian Knot: Emended Classification and Description of the Genus Flavobacterium, Emended Description of the Family Flavobacteriaceae, and Proposal of Flavobacterium hydatis nom. nov. (Basonym, Cytophaga Aquatilis Strohl and Tait 1978). International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 46: 128–148. |
| [31] | Cho, S. H., Chae, S. H., Im, W. T. (2011). Myroides marinus sp. nov., a Member of the Family Flavobacteriaceae, Isolated from Seawater. International Journal of Systematic Evolution in Microbiology. 61 (4): 938-947. |
| [32] | Maraki, S., Sarchianaki, E., Barbagadakis, S., (2012). Myroides odoratimimus Soft Tissue Infection in an Immunocompetent Child Following a Pig Bite: Case Report and Literature Review. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 16 (4): 390-392. |
| [33] | Mammeri, H., Bellais, S., Nordmann, P., (2002). Chromosome- encoded β-lactamases TUS-1 and MUS-1 from Myroides odoratus and Myroides odoratimimus (formerly Flavobacterium odoratum), New Members of the Lineage of Molecular Subclass B1 Metalloenzymes. Journal of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 46 (11): 3561- 3567. |
| [34] | Ktari, S., Mnif, B., Koubaa, M. (2012). Nosocomial Outbreak of Myroides odoratimimus Urinary Tract Infection in a Tunisian Hospital. Journal of Hospital Infection. 80 (1): 77-81. |
| [35] | Suganthi, R., Priya, T. S., Saranya, A. (2013). Relationship between Plasmid Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance in Myroides odoratimimus SKS05-GRD Isolated from Raw Chicken Meat. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 29 (6): 983 990. |
| [36] | Ravindran, C., Varatharajan, G. R., Raju, R. (2015). Infection and Pathogenicity of Myroides odoratimimus (NIOCR-12) Isolated from the Gut of Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)). Journal of Microbial Pathology. 88: 22-28. |
| [37] | Tiana, R., Yazdani, E., Dhiman, N., Benavides, R. and Spak, C. W. (2015). Myroides odoratimimus Bacteremia in a Diabetic Patient. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 28 (3): 342–343. |
| [38] | Holmes, B., Snell, J. J. & Lapage, S. P. (1979). Flavobacterium odoratum: A Species Resistant to a Wide Range of Antimicrobial Agents. Journal of Clinical Pathology 32, 73–77. |
| [39] | Yağci, A., Cerikçioğlu, N., Kaufmann, M. E., Malnick, H., Söyletir, G., Babacan, F. and Pit, T. L. (2000). Molecular Typing of Myroides odoratimimus (Flavobacterium odoratum) Urinary Tract Infections in a Turkish Hospital. European Journal of Clinical and Microbiological Infectious Diseases. 19 (9): 731–732. |
| [40] | Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) (2013). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 23rd Informational Supplement M100-S23. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. |
| [41] | Elantamilan, D., Lyngdoh, V. W., Choudhury, B., Khyriem A. B. and Rajbongshi J. (2015). Septicaemia Caused by Myroides spp.: A Case Report. Journal of Medical Microbiology Case Reports. DOI 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000097. |
| [42] | Ryan, K. J. and Ray, C. G. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Disease. Fourth Edition. New York: McGraw Hill. |
| [43] | Charalampopoulos, D. and Rastall (2009). Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology. Springer Science & Business Media. 627. |
| [44] | Stepanović, S., Dimitrijević, V., Vukovic, D., Dakic, I., Savic, B. and Švabic-Vlahović, M. (2001). Staphylococcus sciuri as a Part of Skin, Nasal and Oral Flora in Healthy Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Microbiology. 82: 177–185. |
| [45] | Garcia, M. C., Rodriguez, M. J., Bernardo, A., Tornadijo, M. E. and Carballo, J. (2002). Study of Enterococci and Micrococci Isolated Throughout Manufacture and Ripening of San Simon Cheese. Journal of Food Microbiology. 19: 23–33. |
| [46] | Hauschild, T., and S. Schwarz. (2003). Differentiation of Staphylococcus sciuri Strains Isolated from Free-Living Rodents and Insectivores. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 50: 241–246. |
| [47] | Guirguitzova, B., Chankova, D. and Zozikov, B. (2002). Staphylococci as Uropathogens Frequency of Isolation in Hospitalized Patients and Sensitivity to Antimicrobial Agents. Annales D’Urologie Journals (Paris). 36: 341–347. |
| [48] | Stepanovic, S., Jezek, P., Vukovic, D., Dakic, I. and Petras, P. (2003). Isolation of Members of the Staphylococcus sciuri Group from Urine and their Relationship to Urinary Tract Infections. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 41: 5262–5264. |
| [49] | Hedin, G. and Widerstrom, M. (1998). Endocarditis due to Staphylococcus sciuri. European Journal of Clinical Microbiological Infectious Diseases. 17: 673–675. |
| [50] | Wallet, F., Stuit, L., Boulanger, E., Roussel-Delvallez, M., Dequiedt, P. and Courcol, R. J. (2000). Peritonitis due to Staphylococcus sciuri in a Patient on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 32: 697–698. |
| [51] | Horii, T., Suzuki, Y., Kimura, T., Kanno, T and Maekawa, M. (2001). Intravenous Catheter Related Septic Shock Caused by Staphylococcus sciuri and Escherichia vulneris. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 33: 930–932. |
| [52] | Stepanović S., Dakic, I., Morrison, D., Hauschild, T., Jeˇzek, P., Petra, P., Martel, A., Vukovic D., Shittu, A. and Devriese L. A. (2005). Identification and Characterization of Clinical Isolates of Members of the Staphylococcus sciuri Group. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (2): 956–958. |
| [53] | Benz, M. S., Scott, I. U., Jr. Flynn, H. W., Unonius, N. and Miller, D. (2004). Endophthalmitis Isolates and Antibiotic Sensitivities: A 6-year Review of Culture-Proven Cases. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 137: 38–42. |
| [54] | Shittu, A., Lin, J., Morrison, D. and Kolawole, D. (2004). Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Multiresistant Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus haemolyticus Associated with Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 53: 51–55. |
| [55] | Unnisa N., Tabassum H., Ali N. M., Ponia K. (2012). Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Five Selected Fruits on Bacterial Wound Isolates. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences. 3 (4): 531-546. |
| [56] | Ram, K. P. and Pranay, J. (2010). Comparative Studies on the Antibacterial Activity of Black pepper (Piper nigrum) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Extracts. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 1 (2): 491-501. |
| [57] | Azwanida, N. N. (2015). A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and Limitation. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 4: 196. |
| [58] | Wu, T., Guan, Y. and Ye, J. (2007). Determination of Flavonoids and Ascorbic Acid in Grapefruit Peel and Juice by Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection. Journal of Food Chemistry. 100: 1573-1579. |
| [59] | Lawal, D. I., Bala, J. A., Aliyu, S. Y. and Huguma, M. A. (2013). Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Antibacterial Studies of the Ethanolic Extract of Citrus sinensis (Linn.) Peel against Some Clinical Bacterial Isolates. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies. 2 (2): 138-145. |
| [60] | Agu, G. C. and Thomas, B. T. (2012). Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Five Nigerian Medicinal Plants on Some Wound Pathogens. Journal of Nature and Science. 10 (12): 78-84. |
| [61] | Girish, H. V. and Satish S. (2000). Antibacterial Activity of Important Medicinal Plants on Phytopathogenic Xanthomonas campestris Pathovars. Letters in Microbiology. 28: 145- 147. |
| [62] | Cheesbrough, M. (2002). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries”, Cambridge University Press, London. 2: 137-140. |
| [63] | Andrews, J. M. (2001). Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 48: 5-16. |
| [64] | Ahmad, I. and Beg, A. Z. (2001). Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Studies on 45 Indian Medicinal Plants against Multidrug Resistant Human Pathogens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 74: 113-123. |
| [65] | Srinivasan, D., Nathan, S., Suresh, T. and Perumalsamy, O. (2001). Antimicrobial Activity of Certain Indian Medicinal Plants Used in Folkloric Medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 74: 217-220. |
| [66] | Chehregani, A., Azimishad, F. and Alizade, H. J. (2007). Study on Antibacterial Effect of Some Allium species from Hamedan- Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 9 (6): 873-876. |
| [67] | Mukhtar, F. B. (2013). An Introduction to Biostatistics. Third Edition. Ahmadu Bello University Press, Zaria- Kaduna, Nigeria. 24, 31, 110-119. |
| [68] | Phan, T. T., Wang, L., Sel, P., Grayer, R. J., Chans, Y. and Lee, S. T. (2001). Phenolic Compounds of Chromolaena odorata Protect Cultured Skin Cells from Oxidative Damage: Implication for Cutaneous Wound Healing. Biological Bulletin. 24: 1373- 1379. |
| [69] | Trease, G. E. and Evans, W. C. (1989). A Textbook of Pharmacology Thirteenth Edition Bailliere Tindall Ltd. London. https//www.abebooks.com› Trease and Evans. |
| [70] | Carter, G. R. and Chengappa, M. M. (1991). Essentials of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology. Fourth edition, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA. 71- 263. |
| [71] | Talaro, K. and Talaro, A. (1993). Foundations in Microbiology. Wm. Brown C Publishers, Dubuque, IA., USA, pp. 87, 341, 355-356, 769. |
| [72] | Mahon, C. R. and Manuselis, G. Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. Fifth Edition. Saunders W. B. Co., Philadelphia, USA, pp. 237-239, 280-281, 294-295, 875. |
| [73] | Nester, E. W., Robert, C. E., Pearsall, W. W., Anderson, D. G. and Nester, M. T. (1998). Microbiology: A Human Perspective, Second Edition, WCB/McGraw- Hill CO., Boston, USA, pp. 260, 265, 651-657. |
| [74] | Stepp, C. A. and Woods M. (1998). Laboratory Procedures for Medical Office Personnel. Saunders W. B. Co., Philadelphia, USA. 351- 366. |
| [75] | Baron, S. (1996). Medical Microbiology, Fourth edition, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. 265-266, 270-271, 282, 351. |
| [76] | Subrahmanyam, M. Archan, H. and Pawer, S. G. (2001). Antibacterial Activity of Honey on Bacterial Isolated from Wounds. Journal of Annals of Burns and Fire Disaster. 14 (1): 124-128. |
| [77] | Wiley, J. M., Sherwood, L. M. and Woolverton, C. J. (2008). Prescott, Harley and Klein’s Microbiology, Seventh edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Boston, USA, pp. 581. |
| [78] | Gulay, K. F., Tavmen, A., Dulger, B. and Turker, G. (2009). Antimicrobial Activity of Turkish Citrus Peel Oils. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 4 (16): 3207-3212. |
| [79] | Jacob, A. Sumathy, J. H. (2010). Effect of Citrus Fruit Peel Extracts on Pathogens Causing Gastrointestinal Disorders. Journal of Advanced Biotechnology. 10 (3): 38-44. |
| [80] | Vivek, V. K., Nondini, S., Shashadhara, K. and Anitha, S. (2010). Anti-Typhoid Activity of Aqueous Extract of Fruit Peel Citrus sinensis (L), International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2 (9): 3-11. |
| [81] | Nwankwo, I. U., Onwuakor, C. E. and Aninweze, O. N. (2014). Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Citrus sinensis Peels on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Wound infections. International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry. 3 (4): 941-947. |
| [82] | Akujobi, C. E., Anyanwu, B. N., Onyeze, C. G. and Ibekwe, V. I. (2004). Antibacterial and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Four Medicinal Plants. Journal of Applied Sciences. 7 (3): 4328-4338. |
| [83] | Nweze, E. I., Okafor, J. I. and Njoku, O. (2004). Antimicrobial Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Trema guineensis (Schumm and Thorn) and Morinda lucida benth used in Nigerian Herbal Medicinal Practice. Journal of Biological Research and Biotechnology. 2 (10): 39- 46. |
| [84] | Osadebe, P. O. and Ukwueze, S. E. (2004). A Comparative Study of the Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of the Eastern Nigerian Species of the African Mistletoe (Loranthus micranthus) Sourced from Different Host Trees. Journal of Biological Research and Biotechnology. 2 (1): 18-23. |
| [85] | Nannapaneni, R., Muthaiyan, A., Crandall, P. G., Johnson, M. G., O'Bryan, C. A., Chalova, V. I., Callaway, T. R., Carroll, J. A., Arthington, J. D., Nisbet, D. J. and Ricke, S. C. (2008). Antimicrobial Activity of Commercial Citrus-Based Natural Extracts against Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates and Mutant Strains. Journal of Food Borne Pathogenic Diseases. 5: 695-699. |
| [86] | Nair, R., Kalariya, T. and Sumitra, C. (2005). Antibacterial Activity of Some Selected Indian Medicinal Flora. Turkish Journal of Biology. 29: 41-47. |
| [87] | Tumane, P. M., Meshram, V. G. and Wasnik, D. D. (2014). Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity of Peel Extracts of Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) and Citrus medica (Lemon) against Clinical Isolates from Wound Infection. (2014). International Journal of Pharmacology and Biological Sciences. 5 (1): 382-387. |
| [88] | Hindi, N. K. K., Chabuck, Z. A. G. and Hindi, S. K. K. (2014). Antibacterial Evaluation of Aqueous Extracts of Four Citrus Species in Hilla, Iraq. International Journal of Pharmacological Screening Methods. 4 (1): 43- 48. |
| [89] | Kadar, A. A. (2005). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a General Hospital. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 25 (3): 239-242. |
| [90] | Almajano, N. P. Carbo, R. C. Delgado, M. E. Gordon, M. H. (2007). Effect of pH on the Antimicrobial Activity and Oxidative Stability of Oil- In- Water Emulsion Containing Caffeic Acid. Journal of Food Science. 72 (5): 258-263. |
| [91] | Sung, W. S., Lee, I. S. and Lee, D. G. (2007). Damage to the Cytoplasmic Membrane and Cell Death Caused by Lycopene in Candida albicans. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 17 (1): 797-804. |
| [92] | Pavlović, R., Mladenović, J. and Radovanović, B. (2013). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Tomato Extracts. Conference VIVUS, 24th-25th April 2013, Biotechnical centre Naklo, Strahinj 99, Naklo Slovenia, Biotechnical Centre Naklo Higher Vocational College, Strahinj 99, Naklo, Slovenia. |
| [93] | Omodamiro, O. D. and Amaechi, U. (2013). The Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato). Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 3 (5): 70-81. |
APA Style
Abdulrashid Maz’uma, Anthony John Dadah, Auwalu Uba. (2018). Antibacterial Activity of Citrus sinensis and Solanum lycopersicum on Wound Isolated from Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis Kaduna Nigeria. International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 6(2), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20180602.13
ACS Style
Abdulrashid Maz’uma; Anthony John Dadah; Auwalu Uba. Antibacterial Activity of Citrus sinensis and Solanum lycopersicum on Wound Isolated from Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis Kaduna Nigeria. Int. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2018, 6(2), 40-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbmr.20180602.13
AMA Style
Abdulrashid Maz’uma, Anthony John Dadah, Auwalu Uba. Antibacterial Activity of Citrus sinensis and Solanum lycopersicum on Wound Isolated from Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis Kaduna Nigeria. Int J Biomed Mater Res. 2018;6(2):40-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbmr.20180602.13
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijbmr.20180602.13,
author = {Abdulrashid Maz’uma and Anthony John Dadah and Auwalu Uba},
title = {Antibacterial Activity of Citrus sinensis and Solanum lycopersicum on Wound Isolated from Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis Kaduna Nigeria},
journal = {International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {40-49},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijbmr.20180602.13},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20180602.13},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijbmr.20180602.13},
abstract = {The increasing failure of chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic microbial infectious agents has lead to the screening of several medicinal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity. The medicinal properties shown by different medicinal plants are due to the phytochemicals present in the plant. These phytochemicals are the most vital sources for the treatment of destructive diseases. Different phytochemicals have an extensive range of activities, which helps to enhance the immune system and give resistance against long term disease to protect the body from harmful pathogens. To determine the antibacterial activity of Citrus sinensis and Solanum lycopersicum on wound isolated from Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis Kaduna Nigeria was the main purpose of this study. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of powdered C. sinensis peel and fresh fruit of S. lycopersicum were used for the qualitative measurement of various phytochemicals present in these plants. The phytochemical screening of the extracts yielded positive results for carbohydrates, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, triterpene, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Wound swab samples of patients from five (5) selected hospitals within Kaduna metropolis yielded Bacillus cereus, Myroides Species and Staphylococcus lentus. The Citrus sinensis ethanolic and aqueous extracts as well as the Solanum lycopersicum ethanolic and aqueous extracts demonstrated a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against the three pathogenic bacteria of wound origin. The result of the tests indicate that orange peel ethanolic extract, tomato aqueous extract and tomato ethanolic extract showed the highest inhibition against Bacillus cereus 22mm, 20mm and 15mm respectively while highest inhibition of orange peel aqueous extract 19.5mm was recorded for Myroides spp. Lowest inhibition of tomato aqueous extract and tomato ethanolic extract were recorded for Staphylococcus lentus 15.2mm and 13.17mm respectively. Orange peel ethanolic extract and orange peel aqueous extract did not inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus lentus respectively. Extracts which exhibited high activities against one or several pathogenic wound isolates were further assayed for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The present study concludes that orange peel ethanolic, tomato aqueous and tomato ethanolic extracts showed highest antibacterial activity against the organism Bacillus cereus while orange peel aqueous showed highest antibacterial activity against Myroide spp. and there was a significant difference in the level of inhibition among the organisms isolated.},
year = {2018}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Antibacterial Activity of Citrus sinensis and Solanum lycopersicum on Wound Isolated from Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis Kaduna Nigeria AU - Abdulrashid Maz’uma AU - Anthony John Dadah AU - Auwalu Uba Y1 - 2018/08/17 PY - 2018 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20180602.13 DO - 10.11648/j.ijbmr.20180602.13 T2 - International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research JF - International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research JO - International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research SP - 40 EP - 49 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-7579 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20180602.13 AB - The increasing failure of chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic microbial infectious agents has lead to the screening of several medicinal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity. The medicinal properties shown by different medicinal plants are due to the phytochemicals present in the plant. These phytochemicals are the most vital sources for the treatment of destructive diseases. Different phytochemicals have an extensive range of activities, which helps to enhance the immune system and give resistance against long term disease to protect the body from harmful pathogens. To determine the antibacterial activity of Citrus sinensis and Solanum lycopersicum on wound isolated from Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis Kaduna Nigeria was the main purpose of this study. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of powdered C. sinensis peel and fresh fruit of S. lycopersicum were used for the qualitative measurement of various phytochemicals present in these plants. The phytochemical screening of the extracts yielded positive results for carbohydrates, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, triterpene, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Wound swab samples of patients from five (5) selected hospitals within Kaduna metropolis yielded Bacillus cereus, Myroides Species and Staphylococcus lentus. The Citrus sinensis ethanolic and aqueous extracts as well as the Solanum lycopersicum ethanolic and aqueous extracts demonstrated a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against the three pathogenic bacteria of wound origin. The result of the tests indicate that orange peel ethanolic extract, tomato aqueous extract and tomato ethanolic extract showed the highest inhibition against Bacillus cereus 22mm, 20mm and 15mm respectively while highest inhibition of orange peel aqueous extract 19.5mm was recorded for Myroides spp. Lowest inhibition of tomato aqueous extract and tomato ethanolic extract were recorded for Staphylococcus lentus 15.2mm and 13.17mm respectively. Orange peel ethanolic extract and orange peel aqueous extract did not inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus lentus respectively. Extracts which exhibited high activities against one or several pathogenic wound isolates were further assayed for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The present study concludes that orange peel ethanolic, tomato aqueous and tomato ethanolic extracts showed highest antibacterial activity against the organism Bacillus cereus while orange peel aqueous showed highest antibacterial activity against Myroide spp. and there was a significant difference in the level of inhibition among the organisms isolated. VL - 6 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: