Social Sciences

| Peer-Reviewed |

Polymer Wastes and Management in Cities and Towns of Africa and Sustainable Environment: Nigeria and European Experiences

Received: 12 May 2014    Accepted: 12 May 2014    Published: 14 June 2014
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

Polymer wastes litter everywhere. The objective of the paper is to assess the quantity and effects in the cities and towns with a view to make suggestions for globule in the risks of resultant environmental degradation for sustainable environment. The plants and facilities for manufacturing were visited. 9 Research Assistants were used for data and information collection. Market women and dealers were forth coming in the quantity sold per month/year; wastes generated; challenges and means of eluding the challenges. Directors, Environment in the States visited also gave information on the enormity of plastic wastes and their impact. They offered suggestion for sustainable environment. A dump each in 30 Nigerian cities and towns were studied for ten years, 2003 - 2012. Composition, quantity and spread of plastic wastes were examined. Literature on plastic wastes and management in European countries were read. Impacts were studied and compared with European cities. 80 photographic snaps were taken of polymer wastes and sceneries of visible consequences. Maps, graphs, charts, tables and percentiles were used for data analysis and presentation. Averagely, polymer wastes constitute 28.00% of the wastes found at dumps and around streets, residential, recreational and other public places. The concentrations are highest at recreation and residential areas. They are non-degradable; and every moment, there are additions. On the average, less than 12% are recycled annually. The recycling is not absolute. A time will come when there may be no substratum for plant growth. They are hide-outs and breeding grounds for disease vectors, animals and insects; and even, hoodlums; it destroys the aesthetic value of the physical environment: atmosphere, water bodies and soil. There are neither special technologies nor policies and programmes for special collection, transportation and disposal as obtained in most of the European cities and towns. Government may have to borrow leaves from Europe and invest massively on research and development and campaign for reducing, reusing and recycling the polymer wastes. Respecting the urban physical environment for sustainable development in Nigeria and generally in Africa is recommended.

DOI 10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19
Published in Social Sciences (Volume 3, Issue 4-1, July 2014)

This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographical Evidence in Changing Europe

Page(s) 79-88
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Polymer Wastes, Cities, Africa, Sustainable Environment, Research and Development

References
[1] Aderogba, K. A. 2011. Global Warming and Challenges of Floods in Lagos Metropolis Nigeria. Academic Research International Vol. 2 No. 1 pp. 418-468.
[2] Aderogba, K. A and Afelumo, A. A. 2012. Waste Dumps and Their Management in Lagos Metropolis. International Journal of Learning and Development Vol. 2 No. 1 pp. 1-16.
[3] Aderogba, K. A. In Print. Unsustainable E-Wastes Management Behaviour and Risks to Environmental Sustainability in Africa: A Glance at Nigeria. Department of Geography and Environmental Management. Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria.
[4] Agunwamba, J. C. 1998. “Solid Waste Management in Nigeria: Problems and Issues.” Environmental Management. Vol. 22 No. 6 pp. 849 -56; (November).
[5] Akanmu, J. O. 2000: Integrated Waste Management: A Tool for Poverty Alleviation. Pro-ceedings of the National Engineering Conference and Annual General Meeting on Engineering Strategies for Poverty Alleviation. Abuja, (20 – 24 November), pp. 43 – 50.
[6] Al-Keem B. T. 2006: Use of Plastic Wastes in Blast Furnace. ENVIS Center on Management of Plastic, Polymer Wastes and Bio polymers. Mumbai: Indian Center for plastic in the environment. Vol. 4 Issue 4, (September).
[7] Beth, S. 2012: Simple Ways to Reuse and Recycle Your Holiday Décor. London: World Street Journal (Saturday, 28th December).
[8] British Plastic Federation (2013): The UK’s Leading Plastic Trade Association Report for 2013 Trade. London: British Plastic Federation
[9] Central Intelligence Agency. 2009: The 2008 World Factbook – Nigeria. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), United States of America.
[10] Chen, G., & Patel, M. 2012: Plastics derived from biological sources: Present and future: P technical and environmental review. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 112 No. 4, pp. 2082-2099.
[11] Chertow M. (2000): Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ., 25:313–337.
[12] European Commission (2009): White Paper on Climate Change - SEC 386,387,388.
[13] Evans, D. and Bishop, I. 2000: Resource Conservation and Recycling. Oxford: Oxford University Press; pp. 32, 289 – 313.
[14] Fagbenle, R. Layi and Kaneyiannis, T. G. 1994: On the Wind Energy Resources of Nigeria. International Journal of Energy Research. Vol. 18, pp. 493 – 508.
[15] Green Paper (2007): Adapting to Climate Change in Europe- Option for EU Action, 2007.
[16] Hahamed, K. R. 2011: Plastic Waste Management Recycling and Recovery Options. ENVIS Center on Management of Plastic, Polymer Wastes and Bio polymers. Mumbai: Indian Center for plastic in the environment. Vol.12; Issue 3, (Septem-ber).
[17] Hamer, G. 2003: Solid waste Treatment and Disposal: Effects on Public Health and Environmental Safety. Biotehno. Adv. Vol. 26 Nos. 2; pp. 195 – 205.
[18] Hong, C., Peter H. F. Yu, and Chee, K. Ma (1999-03). "Accumulation of Biopolymers in Activated Sludge Biomass". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Humana Press Inc.) 78: 389–399.
[19] Imam, A. Mohamed, B. Wilson, D. C. & Cheeseman, C. R. 2008: Solid Waste Management in Abuja, Nigeria. Waste Management. Vol. 28 No. 2; pp. 468 – 72.
[20] Klika KD (2013): Waste Plastics and Pharmaceuticals, could an Integration Solution help? Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (18): 10111 – 2.
[21] Kyoto Protocol (1997): United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - UNFCCC, 1997 and its evolution to 2012.
[22] Mabogunje, A. L. 1968. Urbanization in Nigeria. London: University of London Press; pp. 66 – 86.
[23] National Population Commission. 2006. Nigerian National Population Census Results. Abuja: National Population Commission.
[24] Nicholson, J. W. 2012: The Chemistry of Polymers. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. (4th Edition); pp. 14 -23.
[25] Obioh, I. B. and Fagbenle, R. O. 2009: Energy Systems: Vulnerability-Adaptation-Resilience - Regional Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa: Nigeria. Paris: HELIO International/Nigeria.
[26] Ogbonna, D. N.; Ekweozor, I. K. E.; Igwe, F. U. 2002: "Waste Management: A Tool for Environmental Protection in Nigeria". A Journal of the Human Environment 31 (1): 55–57.
[27] Ogwueleke, T. 2006: Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Management in Nigeria. Iran Journal of Environmental Health, Science and Engineering. Vol. 6, No. 3; pp. 173 – 180.
[28] Onibokun, A. G., Adedipe, N. O. and Sridlier, M. K. C. 2000: Affordable Technology and Strategy for Waste Management: African Lessons and Experiences. Center for African Settlement Studies and Development CASSAD Series, No. 13, pp. 1 – 134.
[29] Rochman CM (2013) Plastics and Priority Pollutants: A Multiple Stressor in Aquatic Habitats. Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (6): 2439 – 2440.
[30] Rochman CM, Hoh E,Kurobe T, Teh SW (2013) Ingested Plastic Transfers hazardous Chemicals of Fishes and induces Hepatic Stress. Nature (494): 169 – 171.
[31] Roy, M., Rollin, A. L. and Schreiber, H. P. 2004: Value Recovery from Polymer Wastes by Pyrolysis. Polymer Engineering & Science. Vol. 18, Issue 9; pp. 721 – 727, (July).
[32] Saunder, K. J. 1998: Organic Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction to the Organic Chemistry of Adhesives, Fibers, Paints, Plastics, and Rubbers. London: Chapman and Hall. (2nd Edition); pp. 6 - 11.
[33] Shinsato, A. L. 2005: Increasing the Accountability of Transnational Corporation for Environmental Harms: The Petroleum Industry in Nigeria. Northern Journal of International Human Rights. Vol. 4, No. 1; pp.186 – 209.
[34] UNCED (1992): The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) - The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and its evolution to 2013. Geneva: United Nations
[35] United Nations (2012): The future we want. Geneva: United Nations.
[36] Walling, E., Walston, A., Warren, E., Warshay, B. and Wilhelm, E. 2004: Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries, Nigeria, a Case Study. Group 9, NTRES, 314.
[37] Weber, R. Gaius, C. Tysklind, M. Johnston, P. Forter, M. Hollerti, H. Heinisch, E. Holoubeck, I. Lloyd-Smith, M. Masunaga, S. Moccarelli, P. Santillo, D. Seike, N. Symons, R. Torres, J. P. Verta, M. Varbelow, G. Vijqen, J. Watson, A. Costner, P. Woelz, J. and Zenneqq, M. 2008: Dioxn- and POP- contaminated Sites – Contemporary and Future Relevance and Challenges: Overview and Background, Aims and Scope of the Series. Environmental Science Pollution Research International. Vol. 15; No. 5, pp. 363 – 93, (July).
[38] William, J. F. 2002. There Really Is a Santa Claus: The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions, Amerisearch (3) 3 pp. 234 -242.
[39] Zaini, S. 2011: Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation. Vol.6; No. 1 pp. 29 – 38.
Author Information
  • Department of Geography & Environmental Management Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Kofo Ade Aderogba. (2014). Polymer Wastes and Management in Cities and Towns of Africa and Sustainable Environment: Nigeria and European Experiences. Social Sciences, 3(4-1), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Kofo Ade Aderogba. Polymer Wastes and Management in Cities and Towns of Africa and Sustainable Environment: Nigeria and European Experiences. Soc. Sci. 2014, 3(4-1), 79-88. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Kofo Ade Aderogba. Polymer Wastes and Management in Cities and Towns of Africa and Sustainable Environment: Nigeria and European Experiences. Soc Sci. 2014;3(4-1):79-88. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19,
      author = {Kofo Ade Aderogba},
      title = {Polymer Wastes and Management in Cities and Towns of Africa and Sustainable Environment: Nigeria and European Experiences},
      journal = {Social Sciences},
      volume = {3},
      number = {4-1},
      pages = {79-88},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.s.2014030401.19},
      abstract = {Polymer wastes litter everywhere. The objective of the paper is to assess the quantity and effects in the cities and towns with a view to make suggestions for globule in the risks of resultant environmental degradation for sustainable environment. The plants and facilities for manufacturing were visited. 9 Research Assistants were used for data and information collection. Market women and dealers were forth coming in the quantity sold per month/year; wastes generated; challenges and means of eluding the challenges. Directors, Environment in the States visited also gave information on the enormity of plastic wastes and their impact. They offered suggestion for sustainable environment. A dump each in 30 Nigerian cities and towns were studied for ten years, 2003 - 2012. Composition, quantity and spread of plastic wastes were examined. Literature on plastic wastes and management in European countries were read. Impacts were studied and compared with European cities. 80 photographic snaps were taken of polymer wastes and sceneries of visible consequences. Maps, graphs, charts, tables and percentiles were used for data analysis and presentation. Averagely, polymer wastes constitute 28.00% of the wastes found at dumps and around streets, residential, recreational and other public places. The concentrations are highest at recreation and residential areas. They are non-degradable; and every moment, there are additions. On the average, less than 12% are recycled annually. The recycling is not absolute. A time will come when there may be no substratum for plant growth. They are hide-outs and breeding grounds for disease vectors, animals and insects; and even, hoodlums; it destroys the aesthetic value of the physical environment: atmosphere, water bodies and soil. There are neither special technologies nor policies and programmes for special collection, transportation and disposal as obtained in most of the European cities and towns. Government may have to borrow leaves from Europe and invest massively on research and development and campaign for reducing, reusing and recycling the polymer wastes. Respecting the urban physical environment for sustainable development in Nigeria and generally in Africa is recommended.},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Polymer Wastes and Management in Cities and Towns of Africa and Sustainable Environment: Nigeria and European Experiences
    AU  - Kofo Ade Aderogba
    Y1  - 2014/06/14
    PY  - 2014
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19
    T2  - Social Sciences
    JF  - Social Sciences
    JO  - Social Sciences
    SP  - 79
    EP  - 88
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2326-988X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.s.2014030401.19
    AB  - Polymer wastes litter everywhere. The objective of the paper is to assess the quantity and effects in the cities and towns with a view to make suggestions for globule in the risks of resultant environmental degradation for sustainable environment. The plants and facilities for manufacturing were visited. 9 Research Assistants were used for data and information collection. Market women and dealers were forth coming in the quantity sold per month/year; wastes generated; challenges and means of eluding the challenges. Directors, Environment in the States visited also gave information on the enormity of plastic wastes and their impact. They offered suggestion for sustainable environment. A dump each in 30 Nigerian cities and towns were studied for ten years, 2003 - 2012. Composition, quantity and spread of plastic wastes were examined. Literature on plastic wastes and management in European countries were read. Impacts were studied and compared with European cities. 80 photographic snaps were taken of polymer wastes and sceneries of visible consequences. Maps, graphs, charts, tables and percentiles were used for data analysis and presentation. Averagely, polymer wastes constitute 28.00% of the wastes found at dumps and around streets, residential, recreational and other public places. The concentrations are highest at recreation and residential areas. They are non-degradable; and every moment, there are additions. On the average, less than 12% are recycled annually. The recycling is not absolute. A time will come when there may be no substratum for plant growth. They are hide-outs and breeding grounds for disease vectors, animals and insects; and even, hoodlums; it destroys the aesthetic value of the physical environment: atmosphere, water bodies and soil. There are neither special technologies nor policies and programmes for special collection, transportation and disposal as obtained in most of the European cities and towns. Government may have to borrow leaves from Europe and invest massively on research and development and campaign for reducing, reusing and recycling the polymer wastes. Respecting the urban physical environment for sustainable development in Nigeria and generally in Africa is recommended.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 4-1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections