American Journal of Energy Engineering

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Optimal and Economic Evaluation of a Stand-alone Microgrid for Electricity and Water Supply for Namibia’s Rural Village

Received: 16 October 2019    Accepted: 04 November 2019    Published: 11 November 2019
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Abstract

Stand-alone microgrid hold a primary solution for electricity and water supply in remote areas access to National grid is not possible. This paper presents a detailed optimal sizing and economic evaluations of a stand-alone microgrid for a remote village (Amarika) in Namibia. Several renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and photovoltaic arrays were considered with a battery backup storage system and a reverse osmosis desalination plant for water supply. Modelling of the microgrid was done based on the meteorological data, the daily water and energy demand of the village. Particle swarm optimization was employed for the system techno- economic optimization: to determine a suitable microgrid configuration that can be established at minimum cost. Sensitivity analysis of the system was performed to examine the effect of variation of LPSP on LCOE. The results demonstrate that the optimized microgrid configuration and the optimization algorithm are effective and can be adopted in supplying power and water to the village. The levelized cost of electricity proves the economic feasibility of the microgrid. The levelized cost of electricity falls within a 90% standard deviation (σ=0.065) of the mean. This proved to be economically feasible with a 96.5% reliability of power supply.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajee.20190703.12
Published in American Journal of Energy Engineering (Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2019)
Page(s) 64-73
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Stand-Alone Microgrid, Water Desalination, Optimization, Economic Evaluation

References
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Author Information
  • Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Namibia, Ongwediva, Namibia

  • Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Namibia, Ongwediva, Namibia

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  • APA Style

    Tom Wanjekeche, Theophilus Ananias. (2019). Optimal and Economic Evaluation of a Stand-alone Microgrid for Electricity and Water Supply for Namibia’s Rural Village. American Journal of Energy Engineering, 7(3), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajee.20190703.12

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    ACS Style

    Tom Wanjekeche; Theophilus Ananias. Optimal and Economic Evaluation of a Stand-alone Microgrid for Electricity and Water Supply for Namibia’s Rural Village. Am. J. Energy Eng. 2019, 7(3), 64-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ajee.20190703.12

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    AMA Style

    Tom Wanjekeche, Theophilus Ananias. Optimal and Economic Evaluation of a Stand-alone Microgrid for Electricity and Water Supply for Namibia’s Rural Village. Am J Energy Eng. 2019;7(3):64-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ajee.20190703.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajee.20190703.12,
      author = {Tom Wanjekeche and Theophilus Ananias},
      title = {Optimal and Economic Evaluation of a Stand-alone Microgrid for Electricity and Water Supply for Namibia’s Rural Village},
      journal = {American Journal of Energy Engineering},
      volume = {7},
      number = {3},
      pages = {64-73},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajee.20190703.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajee.20190703.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajee.20190703.12},
      abstract = {Stand-alone microgrid hold a primary solution for electricity and water supply in remote areas access to National grid is not possible. This paper presents a detailed optimal sizing and economic evaluations of a stand-alone microgrid for a remote village (Amarika) in Namibia. Several renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and photovoltaic arrays were considered with a battery backup storage system and a reverse osmosis desalination plant for water supply. Modelling of the microgrid was done based on the meteorological data, the daily water and energy demand of the village. Particle swarm optimization was employed for the system techno- economic optimization: to determine a suitable microgrid configuration that can be established at minimum cost. Sensitivity analysis of the system was performed to examine the effect of variation of LPSP on LCOE. The results demonstrate that the optimized microgrid configuration and the optimization algorithm are effective and can be adopted in supplying power and water to the village. The levelized cost of electricity proves the economic feasibility of the microgrid. The levelized cost of electricity falls within a 90% standard deviation (σ=0.065) of the mean. This proved to be economically feasible with a 96.5% reliability of power supply.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

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    T1  - Optimal and Economic Evaluation of a Stand-alone Microgrid for Electricity and Water Supply for Namibia’s Rural Village
    AU  - Tom Wanjekeche
    AU  - Theophilus Ananias
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    JF  - American Journal of Energy Engineering
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    AB  - Stand-alone microgrid hold a primary solution for electricity and water supply in remote areas access to National grid is not possible. This paper presents a detailed optimal sizing and economic evaluations of a stand-alone microgrid for a remote village (Amarika) in Namibia. Several renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and photovoltaic arrays were considered with a battery backup storage system and a reverse osmosis desalination plant for water supply. Modelling of the microgrid was done based on the meteorological data, the daily water and energy demand of the village. Particle swarm optimization was employed for the system techno- economic optimization: to determine a suitable microgrid configuration that can be established at minimum cost. Sensitivity analysis of the system was performed to examine the effect of variation of LPSP on LCOE. The results demonstrate that the optimized microgrid configuration and the optimization algorithm are effective and can be adopted in supplying power and water to the village. The levelized cost of electricity proves the economic feasibility of the microgrid. The levelized cost of electricity falls within a 90% standard deviation (σ=0.065) of the mean. This proved to be economically feasible with a 96.5% reliability of power supply.
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