Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam

Matusch; Tobias

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17

| Peer-Reviewed

Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam

Matusch, Tobias

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 3, Issue 3)

Received: 13 June 2014 Accepted: 27 June 2014 Published: 10 July 2014

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

In recent decades, Vietnam’s network of protected areas experienced extensive growth. More than 160 terrestrial and marine protected areas (approximately 2.2 million ha) associated with remarkable reforestation demonstrate major changes within environmental policies. Nevertheless, the degradation of the existing natural forest communities, the associated loss of species and decreasing resilience suggest that Vietnam has still not reached a satisfactory point of conserving these natural habitats. The current study presents an impressive example of land cover change over a period of approximately 40 years at the Bach Ma National Park. Deforestation and degradation processes are a result of illegal activities and land use changes, a consequence of the increasing population. However, land use conflicts often occur outside of protected areas where land cover changes are concentrated and accelerated.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 3, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17
Page(s)	152-161
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Deforestation, Forest Degradation, Buffer Zone Management, Remote Sensing, Asia, Vietnam

References

[1]	Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN), “Hintergrundinfo: 100 Jahre Naturschutz als Staatsaufgabe (1906 - 2006)“, 2006, Bonn.
[2]	S. Chape, J. Harrison, M. Spalding, I. Lysenko, “Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 360, pp.443-455, 2005
[3]	M. R. W. Rands, W. M. Adams, L. Bennun, S. H. M. Butchart, A. Clements, D. Coomes, A. Entwistle, I. Hodge, V. Kapos, J. P. W. Scharlemann, W. J. Sutherland, and B. Vira, “Biodiversity Conservation: Challenges Beyond 2010,” Science 329, pp. 1298–1303, 2010.
[4]	World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), “National stats for 1990-2012 from the 2013 MDG analysis,” http://www.wdpa.org/Statistics.aspx., Accessed 15 October 2013.
[5]	T. H. Ricketts, E. Dinerstein, T. Boucher, T. M. Brooks, S. H. M. Butchart, M. Hoffmann, J. F. Lamoreux, J. Morrison, M. Parr, J. D. Pilgrim, A. S. Rodrigues, W. Sechrest, G. E. Wallace, K. Berlin, J. Bielby, N. D. Burgess, D. R. Church, N. Cox, D. Knox, C. Loucks, G. W. Luck, L. L. Master, R. Moore, R. Naidoo, R. Ridgely, G. E. Schatz, G. Shire, H. Strand, W. Wettengel, and E. Wikramanayake, “Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, pp. 18497–18501, 2005.
[6]	F. Achard, H. D. Eva, H.-J. Stibig, P. Mayaux, J. Gallego, T. Richards, and J.-P. Malingreau, “Determination of Deforestation Rates of the World's Humid Tropical Forest,” Science, vol. 297, pp. 999–1002, 2002.
[7]	D. C. Duro, N. C. Coops, M. A. Wulder, and T. Han, “Development of a large area biodiversity monitoring system driven by remote sensing,” Progress in Physical Geography vol. 31, pp. 235–260, 2007.
[8]	S. Schindler, H. von Wehrden, K. Poirazidis, T. Wrbka, and V. Kati, “Multiscale performance of landscape metrics as indicators of species richness of plants, insects and vertebrates,” Ecological Indicators, vol. 31, pp. 41–48, 2013.
[9]	N. G. Yoccoz, J. D. Nichols, and T. Boulinier, “Monitoring of biological diversity in space and time,” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 16, pp. 446–453, 2001.
[10]	S. H. M. Butchart, M. Walpole, B. Collen, A. van Strien, J. P. W. Scharlemann, R. E. A. Almond, J. E. M. Baillie, B. Bomhard, C. Brown, J. Bruno, K. E. Carpenter, G. M. Carr, J. Chanson, A. M. Chenery, J. Csirke, N. C. Davidson, F. Dentener, M. Foster, A. Galli, J. N. Galloway, P. Genovesi, R. D. Gregory, M. Hockings, V. Kapos, J.-F. Lamarque, F. Leverington, J. Loh, M. A. McGeoch, L. McRae, A. Minasyan, M. H. Morcillo, T. E. E. Oldfield, D. Pauly, S. Quader, C. Revenga, J. R. Sauer, B. Skolnik, D. Spear, D. Stanwell-Smith, S. N. Stuart, A. Symes, M. Tierney, T. D. Tyrrell, J.-C. Vie, and R. Watson, “Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines,” Science, vol. 328, pp. 1164–1168, 2010.
[11]	P. McElwee, “Parks or People: Exploring alternative explanations for protected areas development in Viet Nam,” in Workshop for Conservation and Sustainable Development - Comparative Perspectives, 2001.
[12]	G. Rambaldi, S. Bugna, and M. Geiger, “Review of the Protected Area System of Vietnam,” Asean Biodiversity, vol. 1, pp. 43–51, 2001.
[13]	Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Programme of Vietnam on Monitoring, Assessment, and Reporting on Forests under the Project: Strengthening Monitoring, Assessment, and Reporting on Sustainable Forest Management in Asia (GCP/INT/988/JPN), 2009.
[14]	P. Meyfroidt and E. F. Lambin, “Forest transition in Vietnam and its environmental impacts,” Global Change Biology, vol. 14, pp. 1319–1336, 2008.
[15]	Birdlife International, “Updated draft list of protected areas in Vietnam” from 2012, unpublished.
[16]	S. Bremer, “Schutzgebietsmanagement in Vietnam - eine Herausforderung für die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit,” Forum Geoökologie, vol. 2, pp. 12–18, 2008.
[17]	D. A. Gilmour and N. van San, Buffer Zone Management in Vietnam, IUCN, 1999.
[18]	T. Thien An and S. Ziegler, “Utilization of medicinal plants in Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam,” Medicinal Plant Conservation, vol. 7, pp. 3–5, 2001.
[19]	N. V. Linh, Rapid Assessment of Carbon Stock in Bach Ma National Park, Thua Thien Hue Province, 2010.
[20]	T. Geissmann, H. Trinh Dinh, T. La Quang, and L. Tallents, “A brief survey for crested gibbons in Bach Ma National Park, central Vietnam,” Gibbon Journal, vol. 3, pp. 43–49, 2007.
[21]	M. Waibel, Vietnam - A Tourism Tiger? Ausgewählte Aspekte der jüngeren touristischen Entwicklung Vietnams. Göttinger Schriften zu Landschaftsinterpretation und Tourismus Band 2, 2004.
[22]	T. D. Vien and K. Fahrney, “An Overview of the Midlands of Vinh Phu Province,” in Red Books, Green Hills. The Impact of Economic Reform on Restoration Ecology in the Midlands of Northern Vietnam, edited by T. Le Cuc, A. T. Rambo, K. Fahrney, T. D. Vien, J. Romm, and D. T. Sy, 1996, pp. 3–22.
[23]	P. Yen, S. Ziegler, F. Huettmann, and A. I. Onyeahialam, “Change detection of forest and habitat resources from 1973 to 2001 in Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam, using remote sensing imagery,” International Forestry Review, vol. 7, pp. 1–8, 2005.
[24]	R. S. DeFries, R. A. Houghton, M. C. Hansen, C. B. Field, D. Skole, and J. R. G. Townshend, “Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation and regrowth based on satellite observations for the 1980s and 1990s,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 22, pp. 14256–14261, 2002.
[25]	J.-F. Mas, “Assessing protected area effectiveness using surrounding (buffer) areas environmentally similar to the target area,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 105, pp. 69–80, 2005.
[26]	K. Wang, S. E. Franklin, X. Guo, Y. He, and G. J. McDermid, “Problems in remote sensing of landscapes and habitats,” Progress in Physical Geography, vol. 33, pp. 747–768, 2009.
[27]	R. G. Congalton, “A Review of Assessing the Accuracy of Classifications of Remotely Sensed Data,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 37, pp. 35–46, 1991.
[28]	G. M. Foody, “Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 80, pp. 185–201, 2002.
[29]	T. A. Schroeder, W. B. Cohen, C. Song, M. J. Canty, and Z. Yang, “Radiometric correction of multi-temporal Landsat data for characterization of early successional forest patterns in western Oregon,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 103, pp. 16–26, 2006.
[30]	C. Song, C. E. Woodcock, K. C. Seto, M. P. Lenney, and S. A. Macomber, “Classification and Change Detection Using Landsat TM Data: When and How to Correct Atmospheric Effects?,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 75, pp. 230–244, 2001.
[31]	J. R. Schott, C. Salvaggio, and W. J. Volchok, “Radiometric scene normalization using pseudoinvarant features,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 26, pp. 1–16, 1988.
[32]	M. J. Canty and A. A. Nielsen, “Automatic radiometric normalization of multitemporal satellite imagery with the iteratively re-weighted MAD transformation,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 112, pp. 1025–1036, 2008.
[33]	M. J. Canty, A. A. Nielsen, and M. Schmidt, “Automatic radiometric normalization of multitemporal satellite imagery,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 91, pp. 441–451, 2004.
[34]	A. Singh, “Digital change detection techniques using remotely-sensed data,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 10, pp. 989–1003, 1989.
[35]	T. Fung and E. LeDrew, “Application of Principal Component Analysis to Change Detection,” Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, vol. 53, pp. 1649–1658, 1987.
[36]	J. P. Guerschman, J. M. Paruelo, C. Di Bella, M. C. Giallorenzi, and F. Pacin, “Land cover classification in the Argentine Pampas using multi-temporal Landsat TM data,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 24, pp. 3381–3402, 2003.
[37]	D. Lu, P. Mausel, E. Brondízio, and Moran E., “Change detection techniques,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 25, pp. 2365–2407, 2004.
[38]	J. Otukei and T. Blaschke, “Land cover change assessment using decision trees, support vector machines and maximum likelihood classification algorithms,” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 12, pp. 27–33, 2010.
[39]	B. Tso and P. M. Mather, Classification Methods For Remotely Sensed Data, 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, London, New York, 2009.
[40]	S. E. Franklin and M. A. Wulder, “Remote sensing methods in medium spatial resolution satellite data land cover classification of large areas,” Progress in Physical Geography, vol. 26, pp. 173–205, 2002.
[41]	D. Lu and Q. Weng, “A survey of image classification methods and techniques for improving classification performance,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 28, pp. 823–870, 2007.
[42]	T. W. Gillespie, G. M. Foody, D. Rocchini, A. P. Giorgi, and S. Saatchi, “Measuring and modelling biodiversity from space,” Progress in Physical Geography, vol. 32, pp. 203–221, 2008.
[43]	F. S. Chapin III, E. S. Zavaleta, V. T. Eviner, R. L. Naylor, P. M. Vitousek, H. L. Reynolds, D. U. Hooper, S. Lavorel, O. E. Sala, S. E. Hobbie, M. C. Mack, and S. Díaz, “Consequences of changing biodiversity,” Nature, vol. 405, pp. 234–242, 2000.
[44]	L. M. Curran, S. N. Trigg, A. K. McDonald, D. Astiani, Y. M. Hardiono, P. Siregar, I. Caniago, and E. Kasischke, “Lowland Forest Loss in Protected Areas of Indonesian Borneo,” Science, vol. 303, pp. 1000–1003, 2004.
[45]	G. P. Asner, “Cloud cover in Landsat observations of the Brazilian Amazon,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 22, pp. 3855–3862, 2001.
[46]	S. Lengyel, A. Kobler, L. Kutnar, E. Framstad, P.-Y. Henry, V. Babij, B. Gruber, D. Schmeller, and K. Henle, “A review and a framework for the integration of biodiversity monitoring at the habitat level,” Biodivers Conserv vol. 17, pp. 3341–3356, 2008.
[47]	N. Pettorelli, J. O. Vik, A. Mysterud, J.-M. Gaillard, C. J. Tucker, and N. C. Stenseth, “Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change,” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 20, pp. 503–510, 2005.
[48]	W. J. Frampton, J. Dash, G. Watmough, and E. J. Milton, “Evaluating the capabilities of Sentinel-2 for quantitative estimation of biophysical variables in vegetation,” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 82, pp. 83–92, 2013.
[49]	J. R. Irons, J. L. Dwyer, and J. A. Barsi, “The next Landsat satellite: The Landsat Data Continuity Mission,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 122, pp. 11–21, 2012.
[50]	H. Nagendra, R. Lucas, J. P. Honrado, R. H. Jongman, C. Tarantino, M. Adamo, and P. Mairota, “Remote sensing for conservation monitoring: Assessing protected areas, habitat extent, habitat condition, species diversity, and threats,” Ecological Indicators, vol. 33, pp. 45–59, 2013.
[51]	G. P. Asner, M. Keller, R. Pereira, and J. C. Zweede, “Remote sensing of selective logging in Amazonia - Assessing limitations based on detailed field observations, Landsat ETM+, and textural analysis,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 80, pp. 483–496, 2002.
[52]	TechMedia, “Vietnam Rhino Is Now Extinct, Officials Report,” http://www.livescience.com/16744-vietnam-javan- rhino-extinct.html., Accessed 15 October 2013, 2011.
[53]	WWF, “Saola,” http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ species/profiles/mammals/saola., Accessed 15 October 2013
[54]	WWF, “Introducing the Indo-Chinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti),” http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects_in_depth/greater_annamites_ecoregion/publication/?22876/introducing-the-indo-chinese -tiger-ipanthera-tigris-corbettii., Accessed 15 October 2013
[55]	The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, “Pilot policy on benefit sharing mechanism (BSM) in management, protection and development of special-use forests (SUFs),” 126/QD-TTg, 2012

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Matusch, Tobias. (2014). Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(3), 152-161. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Matusch; Tobias. Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2014, 3(3), 152-161. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Matusch, Tobias. Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam. Am J Environ Prot. 2014;3(3):152-161. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17,
  author = {Matusch and Tobias},
  title = {Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {152-161},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20140303.17},
  abstract = {In recent decades, Vietnam’s network of protected areas experienced extensive growth. More than 160 terrestrial and marine protected areas (approximately 2.2 million ha) associated with remarkable reforestation demonstrate major changes within environmental policies. Nevertheless, the degradation of the existing natural forest communities, the associated loss of species and decreasing resilience suggest that Vietnam has still not reached a satisfactory point of conserving these natural habitats. The current study presents an impressive example of land cover change over a period of approximately 40 years at the Bach Ma National Park. Deforestation and degradation processes are a result of illegal activities and land use changes, a consequence of the increasing population. However, land use conflicts often occur outside of protected areas where land cover changes are concentrated and accelerated.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam
AU  - Matusch
AU  - Tobias
Y1  - 2014/07/10
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 152
EP  - 161
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17
AB  - In recent decades, Vietnam’s network of protected areas experienced extensive growth. More than 160 terrestrial and marine protected areas (approximately 2.2 million ha) associated with remarkable reforestation demonstrate major changes within environmental policies. Nevertheless, the degradation of the existing natural forest communities, the associated loss of species and decreasing resilience suggest that Vietnam has still not reached a satisfactory point of conserving these natural habitats. The current study presents an impressive example of land cover change over a period of approximately 40 years at the Bach Ma National Park. Deforestation and degradation processes are a result of illegal activities and land use changes, a consequence of the increasing population. However, land use conflicts often occur outside of protected areas where land cover changes are concentrated and accelerated.
VL  - 3
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Matusch
Tobias

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Matusch, Tobias. (2014). Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(3), 152-161. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Matusch; Tobias. Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2014, 3(3), 152-161. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Matusch, Tobias. Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam. Am J Environ Prot. 2014;3(3):152-161. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17,
  author = {Matusch and Tobias},
  title = {Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {152-161},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20140303.17},
  abstract = {In recent decades, Vietnam’s network of protected areas experienced extensive growth. More than 160 terrestrial and marine protected areas (approximately 2.2 million ha) associated with remarkable reforestation demonstrate major changes within environmental policies. Nevertheless, the degradation of the existing natural forest communities, the associated loss of species and decreasing resilience suggest that Vietnam has still not reached a satisfactory point of conserving these natural habitats. The current study presents an impressive example of land cover change over a period of approximately 40 years at the Bach Ma National Park. Deforestation and degradation processes are a result of illegal activities and land use changes, a consequence of the increasing population. However, land use conflicts often occur outside of protected areas where land cover changes are concentrated and accelerated.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Islands of Felicity? – The Effect of Land Cover Changes in and around Protected Areas: A Case Study of Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam
AU  - Matusch
AU  - Tobias
Y1  - 2014/07/10
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 152
EP  - 161
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140303.17
AB  - In recent decades, Vietnam’s network of protected areas experienced extensive growth. More than 160 terrestrial and marine protected areas (approximately 2.2 million ha) associated with remarkable reforestation demonstrate major changes within environmental policies. Nevertheless, the degradation of the existing natural forest communities, the associated loss of species and decreasing resilience suggest that Vietnam has still not reached a satisfactory point of conserving these natural habitats. The current study presents an impressive example of land cover change over a period of approximately 40 years at the Bach Ma National Park. Deforestation and degradation processes are a result of illegal activities and land use changes, a consequence of the increasing population. However, land use conflicts often occur outside of protected areas where land cover changes are concentrated and accelerated.
VL  - 3
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download