Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas

Fanar Mansour Abed

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas

Fanar Mansour Abed

Published in American Journal of Remote Sensing (Volume 1, Issue 4)

Received: 1 July 2013 Accepted: Published: 10 August 2013

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Full-waveform airborne laser scanning has shown potential to better describe land cover features through the additional physical information it can provide alongside the standard geometric information. To fully utilize full-waveform for enhanced object recognition and feature extraction, it is essential to calibrate the backscattered energy of the received signal. The backscatter signal is affected by many variables during the travel between the sensor and the target. To eliminate these effects and deliver more reliable physical information for land cover features, the incidence angle effect was considered following the RSN method which was introduced in previous work. Following the radar equation, a comprehensive radiometric calibration routine was applied in this paper where the backscatter coefficient utilized to deliver the calibration constant. The calibrated results were achieved by means of backscatter cross-section and coefficient parameters in addition to the normalized parameters with respect to the incidence angle effect. The backscatter signals from overlapping flight lines were investigated and analyzed over various land cover types before and after calibration in the study site. Results show the potential of using the backscatter coefficient to deliver the calibration constant for the radiometric calibration purposes. It was also proven that the normalized backscatter coefficient with respect to incidence angle provides the greatest potential amongst the other backscatter parameters by delivering the optimal match between flight lines.

Published in	American Journal of Remote Sensing (Volume 1, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12
Page(s)	77-87
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Laser Scanning, Full-Waveform, Incidence Angle, Backscatter, Calibration, Analysis

References

[1]	F. Ackermann, (1999), 'Airborne laser scanning- present status and future expectations', ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 54 (2-3), pp. 64-67.
[2]	C. Mallet, and F. Bretar, (2009), 'Full-waveform topographic lidar: State-of-the-art', ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 64 (1), 16 p.
[3]	G. Vosselman, and H.-G. Maas, (2010), Airborne and terrestrial laser scanning. Scotland, UK: Whittles Publishing
[4]	J. Shan, and C. K. Toth, (2009), Topographic laser ranging and scanning - principles and processing. FL, USA: Taylor & Francis.
[5]	W. Wagner, A. Ullrich, T. Melzer, C. Briese, and K. Kraus, (2004), 'From single-pulse to full-waveform airborne laser scanners: potential and practical chalenges', International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 35 (B3), pp. 201–206.
[6]	A. Habib, A. Kersting, A. Shaker, and W. Y. Yan, (2011), 'Geometric calibration and radiometric correction of lidar data and their impact on the quality of derived products', Sensors, 11 (9), pp. 9069-9097.
[7]	A. Habib, A., Kersting, K. Bang, and D.-C. Lee, (2010), 'Alternative methodologies for the internal quality control of parallel lidar strips', IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 48 (1), pp. 221-236.
[8]	B. Hӧfle, and N. Pfeifer, (2007), 'Correction of laser scanning intensity data: Data and model-driven approaches', ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 62 (6), pp. 415-433.
[9]	F. Abed, J. Mills, and P. Miller, (2012), 'Echo amplitude normalisation of full-waveform airborne laser scanning data based on robust incidence angle estimation', IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 50 (7), pp. 2910-2918.
[10]	W. Wagner, (2010), 'Radiometric calibration of small-footprint full-waveform airborne laser scanner measurements: Basic physical concepts', ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 65 (6), pp. 505-513.
[11]	F. Abed, (2012), 'Calibration of full-waveform aerial laser scanning data for 3D object segmentation', PhD thesis, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
[12]	J.-S. Yoon, J.-I. Shin, and K.-S. Lee, (2008), 'Land cover characteristics of airborne lidar intensity data: A case study', IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 5 (4), pp. 801-805.
[13]	S. Kaasalainen, E. Ahokas, J. Hyyppa, and J. Suomalainen, (2005), 'Study of surface brightness from backscatter laser intensity: calibration of laser data', IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2 (3), pp. 255-259.
[14]	E. Ahokas, S. Kaasalainen, J. Hyyppa, and J. Suomalainen, (2006), 'Calibration of the Optech ALTM 3100 laser scanner intensity data using brightness targets', International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 36 (A1), 6 p.
[15]	F. Coren, and P. Sterzai, (2006), 'Radiometric correction in laser scanning', International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27 (15), pp. 3097-3104.
[16]	W. Wagner, J.Hyyppa, A. Ullrich, H. Lehner, C. Briese, and S. Kaasalainen, (2008a), 'Radiometric calibration of full-waveform small-footprint airborne laser scanners', International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37 (B1), pp. 163-168.
[17]	C. Briese, B. Hӧfle, H. Lehner, W. Wagner, M. Pfennigbauer, and A. Ullrich, (2008), 'Calibration of full-waveform airborne laser scanning data for object classification', In: Proceedings of SPIE 2008. pp. 69501-69508, DOI: 10.1117/12.781086.
[18]	W. Wagner, M. Hollaus, C. Briese, and V. Ducic, (2008b), '3D vegetation mapping using small-footprint full-waveform airborne laser scanners', International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 29 (5), pp. 1433-1452.
[19]	C. Alexander, K. Tansey, J. Kaduk, D. Holland, and N. J. Tate (2010), 'Backscatter coeefficient as an attribute for the classification of full-waveform airborne laser scanning data in urban areas', ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 65 (5), pp. 423-432.
[20]	H. Lehner, and C. Briese, (2010), 'Radiometric calibration of Full-Waveform airborne laser scanning data based on natural surfaces', International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 38 (7B), pp. 360-365.
[21]	Riegl. (2009), 'LMS-Q560', Airborne Laser Scanner for full-waveform analysis, [Online]. Available at: http://www.riegl.com/uploads/tx_pxpriegldownloads/10_DataSheet_Q560_20-09-2010_01.pdf (Accessed: 20 Sep 2010).
[22]	Y.-C Lin, J. Mills, and S. Smith-Voysey, (2010), 'Rigorous pulse detection from full-waveform airborne laser scanning data', International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31 (5), pp. 1303-1324.
[23]	A. V. Jelalian, (1992), Laser radar systems. Boston, United Kingdom: Artech House.
[24]	W. Wagner, A. Ullrich, V. Ducic, T. Melzer, and N. Studnicka, (2006), 'Gaussian decomposition and calibration of a novel small-footprint full-waveform digitising airborne laser scanner', ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 60 (2), pp. 100–112.
[25]	B. Höfle, M. Hollaus, and J. Hagenauer, (2012), 'Urban vegetation detection using radiometrically calibrated small-footprint full-waveform airborne lidar data', ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, 67 (1), pp. 134-147.
[26]	H. Lehner, H. Kager, A. Roncat, and A. Zlinszky, (2011), 'Consideration of laser pulse fluctuations and automatic gain control in radiometric calibration of airborne laser scanning data', In: Proceedings of The 6th ISPRS Student Consortium and Working Group VI/5 Summer School. Fayetteville, NC, USA, ISPRS WG VI/5: On CD-ROM.
[27]	G. Mandlburger, N. Pfeifer, C. Ressl, C. Briese, A. Roncat, H. Lehner, and W. Mucke, (2010), 'Algorithms and tools for airborne lidar data processing from a scientific perspective', In: Proceedings of The European Lidar Mapping Forum (ELMF) 2010. Hague/ Netherlands : On CD-ROM.
[28]	I. Kim, B. McArthur, and K. Eric, (2000), 'Comparison of laser beam propagation at 785nm and 1550nm in fog and haze for optical wireless communications', In: Proceedings of SPIE-Optical wireless communications III. pp. 26-37.
[29]	NERC (2009), NERC Field Spectroscopy Facility. Available at: http://fsf.nerc.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 10 Oct 2009).
[30]	M. A. Alasdair, (2007a), Field guid for the ASD FieldSpec Pro - raw DN mode. Available at: http://fsf.nerc.ac.uk/resources/guides/pdf_guides/asd_guide_v2_dn.pdf (Accessed: 15 Oct 2009).
[31]	M. A. Alasdair, (2007b), Field guid for the ASD FieldSpec Pro - white reference mode. Available at: http://fsf.nerc.ac.uk/resources/guides/pdf_guides/asd_guide_v2_wr.pdf (Accessed: 15 Oct 2009).
[32]	D. C. Montgomery, (2005), Design and analysis of experiments. Chichester, UK: Willy-BlackWell.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Fanar Mansour Abed. (2013). Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas. American Journal of Remote Sensing, 1(4), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Fanar Mansour Abed. Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas. Am. J. Remote Sens. 2013, 1(4), 77-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Fanar Mansour Abed. Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas. Am J Remote Sens. 2013;1(4):77-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12,
  author = {Fanar Mansour Abed},
  title = {Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas},
  journal = {American Journal of Remote Sensing},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {77-87},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajrs.20130104.12},
  abstract = {Full-waveform airborne laser scanning has shown potential to better describe land cover features through the additional physical information it can provide alongside the standard geometric information. To fully utilize full-waveform for enhanced object recognition and feature extraction, it is essential to calibrate the backscattered energy of the received signal. The backscatter signal is affected by many variables during the travel between the sensor and the target. To eliminate these effects and deliver more reliable physical information for land cover features, the incidence angle effect was considered following the RSN method which was introduced in previous work. Following the radar equation, a comprehensive radiometric calibration routine was applied in this paper where the backscatter coefficient utilized to deliver the calibration constant. The calibrated results were achieved by means of backscatter cross-section and coefficient parameters in addition to the normalized parameters with respect to the incidence angle effect. The backscatter signals from overlapping flight lines were investigated and analyzed over various land cover types before and after calibration in the study site. Results show the potential of using the backscatter coefficient to deliver the calibration constant for the radiometric calibration purposes. It was also proven that the normalized backscatter coefficient with respect to incidence angle provides the greatest potential amongst the other backscatter parameters by delivering the optimal match between flight lines.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas
AU  - Fanar Mansour Abed
Y1  - 2013/08/10
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12
T2  - American Journal of Remote Sensing
JF  - American Journal of Remote Sensing
JO  - American Journal of Remote Sensing
SP  - 77
EP  - 87
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-580X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12
AB  - Full-waveform airborne laser scanning has shown potential to better describe land cover features through the additional physical information it can provide alongside the standard geometric information. To fully utilize full-waveform for enhanced object recognition and feature extraction, it is essential to calibrate the backscattered energy of the received signal. The backscatter signal is affected by many variables during the travel between the sensor and the target. To eliminate these effects and deliver more reliable physical information for land cover features, the incidence angle effect was considered following the RSN method which was introduced in previous work. Following the radar equation, a comprehensive radiometric calibration routine was applied in this paper where the backscatter coefficient utilized to deliver the calibration constant. The calibrated results were achieved by means of backscatter cross-section and coefficient parameters in addition to the normalized parameters with respect to the incidence angle effect. The backscatter signals from overlapping flight lines were investigated and analyzed over various land cover types before and after calibration in the study site. Results show the potential of using the backscatter coefficient to deliver the calibration constant for the radiometric calibration purposes. It was also proven that the normalized backscatter coefficient with respect to incidence angle provides the greatest potential amongst the other backscatter parameters by delivering the optimal match between flight lines.
VL  - 1
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Fanar Mansour Abed

Surveying Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Fanar Mansour Abed. (2013). Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas. American Journal of Remote Sensing, 1(4), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Fanar Mansour Abed. Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas. Am. J. Remote Sens. 2013, 1(4), 77-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Fanar Mansour Abed. Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas. Am J Remote Sens. 2013;1(4):77-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12,
  author = {Fanar Mansour Abed},
  title = {Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas},
  journal = {American Journal of Remote Sensing},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {77-87},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajrs.20130104.12},
  abstract = {Full-waveform airborne laser scanning has shown potential to better describe land cover features through the additional physical information it can provide alongside the standard geometric information. To fully utilize full-waveform for enhanced object recognition and feature extraction, it is essential to calibrate the backscattered energy of the received signal. The backscatter signal is affected by many variables during the travel between the sensor and the target. To eliminate these effects and deliver more reliable physical information for land cover features, the incidence angle effect was considered following the RSN method which was introduced in previous work. Following the radar equation, a comprehensive radiometric calibration routine was applied in this paper where the backscatter coefficient utilized to deliver the calibration constant. The calibrated results were achieved by means of backscatter cross-section and coefficient parameters in addition to the normalized parameters with respect to the incidence angle effect. The backscatter signals from overlapping flight lines were investigated and analyzed over various land cover types before and after calibration in the study site. Results show the potential of using the backscatter coefficient to deliver the calibration constant for the radiometric calibration purposes. It was also proven that the normalized backscatter coefficient with respect to incidence angle provides the greatest potential amongst the other backscatter parameters by delivering the optimal match between flight lines.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Potential of the Incidence Angle Effect on the Radiometric Calibration of Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Urban Areas
AU  - Fanar Mansour Abed
Y1  - 2013/08/10
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12
T2  - American Journal of Remote Sensing
JF  - American Journal of Remote Sensing
JO  - American Journal of Remote Sensing
SP  - 77
EP  - 87
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-580X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajrs.20130104.12
AB  - Full-waveform airborne laser scanning has shown potential to better describe land cover features through the additional physical information it can provide alongside the standard geometric information. To fully utilize full-waveform for enhanced object recognition and feature extraction, it is essential to calibrate the backscattered energy of the received signal. The backscatter signal is affected by many variables during the travel between the sensor and the target. To eliminate these effects and deliver more reliable physical information for land cover features, the incidence angle effect was considered following the RSN method which was introduced in previous work. Following the radar equation, a comprehensive radiometric calibration routine was applied in this paper where the backscatter coefficient utilized to deliver the calibration constant. The calibrated results were achieved by means of backscatter cross-section and coefficient parameters in addition to the normalized parameters with respect to the incidence angle effect. The backscatter signals from overlapping flight lines were investigated and analyzed over various land cover types before and after calibration in the study site. Results show the potential of using the backscatter coefficient to deliver the calibration constant for the radiometric calibration purposes. It was also proven that the normalized backscatter coefficient with respect to incidence angle provides the greatest potential amongst the other backscatter parameters by delivering the optimal match between flight lines.
VL  - 1
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download