Changes in Internal Structure of Bronze and Iron over Time at Ambient Temperature

Jaroslav Fiala; Jaroslav Pavelka; Jiří Kříž; Martin Hložek; Pavel Hušťák

doi:doi:10.11648/j.am.20130204.12

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Changes in Internal Structure of Bronze and Iron over Time at Ambient Temperature

Jaroslav Fiala, Jaroslav Pavelka, Jiří Kříž, Martin Hložek, Pavel Hušťák

Published in Advances in Materials (Volume 2, Issue 4)

Received: 6 July 2013 Accepted: Published: 20 August 2013

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Abstract

This study analyzes changes in the inner structure of metals (bronze and iron) resulting from aging and creeping processes. A remarkable disproportion was noticed during hardness analyses of original metal objects from archaeological finds and replicas likely made in the same way as the originals. The mechanism of such long-term changes at ambient temperature remain unknown. We examined the azimuthal (lateral) diffraction line profile, which includes the size, number and shape of individual diffraction spots comprising a discontinuous diffraction line. By x-ray analysis, all of the original bronze and iron artifacts were proven coarse–grained; coherent areas (mosaic blocks) were larger than 10 μm. The original structure of objects produced by the forging of sponge iron must have been much more fine–grained. The measurements revealed that the mechanism responsible for the change in the structure of forged artifacts over time is spontaneous recrystallization. We found that spontaneous recrystallization occurs much more quickly than usually expected at ambient temperature. We derived formulas explaining how the mechanism of relaxation changes on cooling from high to ambient temperature. Some low-energy mechanisms are blocked at elevated temperatures but released at ambient temperature. The activation energy of such mechanisms is much lower than the activation energy of relaxation processes at elevated temperatures. Our findings can be usefully exploited when monitoring processes that degrade the structure of a material in the course of its service.

Published in	Advances in Materials (Volume 2, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.am.20130204.12
Page(s)	53-58
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Iron, Recrystallization

References

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APA Style

Jaroslav Fiala, Jaroslav Pavelka, Jiří Kříž, Martin Hložek, Pavel Hušťák. (2013). Changes in Internal Structure of Bronze and Iron over Time at Ambient Temperature. Advances in Materials, 2(4), 53-58. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20130204.12

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ACS Style

Jaroslav Fiala; Jaroslav Pavelka; Jiří Kříž; Martin Hložek; Pavel Hušťák. Changes in Internal Structure of Bronze and Iron over Time at Ambient Temperature. Adv. Mater. 2013, 2(4), 53-58. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20130204.12

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AMA Style

Jaroslav Fiala, Jaroslav Pavelka, Jiří Kříž, Martin Hložek, Pavel Hušťák. Changes in Internal Structure of Bronze and Iron over Time at Ambient Temperature. Adv Mater. 2013;2(4):53-58. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20130204.12

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@article{10.11648/j.am.20130204.12,
  author = {Jaroslav Fiala and Jaroslav Pavelka and Jiří Kříž and Martin Hložek and Pavel Hušťák},
  title = {Changes in Internal Structure of Bronze and Iron over Time at Ambient Temperature},
  journal = {Advances in Materials},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {53-58},
  doi = {10.11648/j.am.20130204.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20130204.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.am.20130204.12},
  abstract = {This study analyzes changes in the inner structure of metals (bronze and iron) resulting from aging and creeping processes. A remarkable disproportion was noticed during hardness analyses of original metal objects from archaeological finds and replicas likely made in the same way as the originals. The mechanism of such long-term changes at ambient temperature remain unknown. We examined the azimuthal (lateral) diffraction line profile, which includes the size, number and shape of individual diffraction spots comprising a discontinuous diffraction line. By x-ray analysis, all of the original bronze and iron artifacts were proven coarse–grained; coherent areas (mosaic blocks) were larger than 10 μm. The original structure of objects produced by the forging of sponge iron must have been much more fine–grained. The measurements revealed that the mechanism responsible for the change in the structure of forged artifacts over time is spontaneous recrystallization. We found that spontaneous recrystallization occurs much more quickly than usually expected at ambient temperature. We derived formulas explaining how the mechanism of relaxation changes on cooling from high to ambient temperature. Some low-energy mechanisms are blocked at elevated temperatures but released at ambient temperature. The activation energy of such mechanisms is much lower than the activation energy of relaxation processes at elevated temperatures. Our findings can be usefully exploited when monitoring processes that degrade the structure of a material in the course of its service.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Changes in Internal Structure of Bronze and Iron over Time at Ambient Temperature
AU - Jaroslav Fiala
AU - Jaroslav Pavelka
AU - Jiří Kříž
AU - Martin Hložek
AU - Pavel Hušťák
Y1 - 2013/08/20
PY - 2013
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20130204.12
DO - 10.11648/j.am.20130204.12
T2 - Advances in Materials
JF - Advances in Materials
JO - Advances in Materials
SP - 53
EP - 58
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2327-252X
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20130204.12
AB - This study analyzes changes in the inner structure of metals (bronze and iron) resulting from aging and creeping processes. A remarkable disproportion was noticed during hardness analyses of original metal objects from archaeological finds and replicas likely made in the same way as the originals. The mechanism of such long-term changes at ambient temperature remain unknown. We examined the azimuthal (lateral) diffraction line profile, which includes the size, number and shape of individual diffraction spots comprising a discontinuous diffraction line. By x-ray analysis, all of the original bronze and iron artifacts were proven coarse–grained; coherent areas (mosaic blocks) were larger than 10 μm. The original structure of objects produced by the forging of sponge iron must have been much more fine–grained. The measurements revealed that the mechanism responsible for the change in the structure of forged artifacts over time is spontaneous recrystallization. We found that spontaneous recrystallization occurs much more quickly than usually expected at ambient temperature. We derived formulas explaining how the mechanism of relaxation changes on cooling from high to ambient temperature. Some low-energy mechanisms are blocked at elevated temperatures but released at ambient temperature. The activation energy of such mechanisms is much lower than the activation energy of relaxation processes at elevated temperatures. Our findings can be usefully exploited when monitoring processes that degrade the structure of a material in the course of its service.
VL - 2
IS - 4
ER -

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Author Information

Jaroslav Fiala

New Technologies - Research Centre in Westbohemian Region, Plzen, Czech Republic
Jaroslav Pavelka

University of West Bohemia, Plzen, Czech Republic
Jiří Kříž
Martin Hložek
Pavel Hušťák

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Jaroslav Fiala, Jaroslav Pavelka, Jiří Kříž, Martin Hložek, Pavel Hušťák. (2013). Changes in Internal Structure of Bronze and Iron over Time at Ambient Temperature. Advances in Materials, 2(4), 53-58. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20130204.12

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ACS Style

Jaroslav Fiala; Jaroslav Pavelka; Jiří Kříž; Martin Hložek; Pavel Hušťák. Changes in Internal Structure of Bronze and Iron over Time at Ambient Temperature. Adv. Mater. 2013, 2(4), 53-58. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20130204.12

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AMA Style

Jaroslav Fiala, Jaroslav Pavelka, Jiří Kříž, Martin Hložek, Pavel Hušťák. Changes in Internal Structure of Bronze and Iron over Time at Ambient Temperature. Adv Mater. 2013;2(4):53-58. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20130204.12

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@article{10.11648/j.am.20130204.12,
  author = {Jaroslav Fiala and Jaroslav Pavelka and Jiří Kříž and Martin Hložek and Pavel Hušťák},
  title = {Changes in Internal Structure of Bronze and Iron over Time at Ambient Temperature},
  journal = {Advances in Materials},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {53-58},
  doi = {10.11648/j.am.20130204.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20130204.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.am.20130204.12},
  abstract = {This study analyzes changes in the inner structure of metals (bronze and iron) resulting from aging and creeping processes. A remarkable disproportion was noticed during hardness analyses of original metal objects from archaeological finds and replicas likely made in the same way as the originals. The mechanism of such long-term changes at ambient temperature remain unknown. We examined the azimuthal (lateral) diffraction line profile, which includes the size, number and shape of individual diffraction spots comprising a discontinuous diffraction line. By x-ray analysis, all of the original bronze and iron artifacts were proven coarse–grained; coherent areas (mosaic blocks) were larger than 10 μm. The original structure of objects produced by the forging of sponge iron must have been much more fine–grained. The measurements revealed that the mechanism responsible for the change in the structure of forged artifacts over time is spontaneous recrystallization. We found that spontaneous recrystallization occurs much more quickly than usually expected at ambient temperature. We derived formulas explaining how the mechanism of relaxation changes on cooling from high to ambient temperature. Some low-energy mechanisms are blocked at elevated temperatures but released at ambient temperature. The activation energy of such mechanisms is much lower than the activation energy of relaxation processes at elevated temperatures. Our findings can be usefully exploited when monitoring processes that degrade the structure of a material in the course of its service.},
 year = {2013}
}

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