American Journal of Physical Chemistry

| Peer-Reviewed |

Influence of Pretreatment with Soda (NaOH) on the Structural Characteristics of Activated Carbon Prepared by Chemical Means with H3PO4 from Rice Bran

Received: 10 March 2016    Accepted: 19 March 2016    Published: 30 March 2016
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

The purpose of this work is the preparation of best activated carbons from rice bran through carbonization at 500°C preceded by an impregnation in a 25% H3PO4 solution. We carry out the study of the effects of pretreatment with soda and Xp impregnation ratio on characteristics of three series of activated carbons SR0N, SR1N and SR2N corresponding to the pre-treatment with soda 0 M, 1 M and 2 M respectively. The iodine value and the textural properties of prepared carbons have been determined. The maximum iodine value, 893 mg.g-1 is obtained in the SR2N series for Xp = 2.5. In the SR1N series the maximum iodine value 866 mg.g-1 is obtained for Xp = 4. Also activated carbons CS1 (SR1N - Xp = 4) and CS2 (SR2N - Xp = 2.5) have the following characteristics: specific surface area equal to 1711.6 and 1558.5 m2g-1 and porous volumes of 1.234 and 1.385 cm3/g respectively. Studies conducted on phenol adsorption and thermodynamic showed that CS1 is slightly more effective than CS2 with a spontaneous and exothermic reaction. On the other hand, their adsorption isotherms are best described by the Langmuir model than that of Freundlich.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajpc.20160502.13
Published in American Journal of Physical Chemistry (Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2016)
Page(s) 35-44
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Rice Bran, Activated Carbon, Chemical Activation, Impregnation Ratio, Adsorption Isotherm

References
[1] Reha, Y., Hanife, A., Nilgün, K., Eda, C. Influence of preparation conditions on porous structures of olive kernels activated by H3PO4. Fuel Process. Technol. (2010) 91; 80-87.
[2] Ioannidou, O., Zabaniotou, A. Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production-A review. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. (2007) 11; 1966-2005.
[3] Fiani, E. Adsorption of gaseous pollutants on activated carbon fibers, modeling of exchanges coupled with material and heat, PhD thesis. École Nationale Supérieure des Mines of Saint-Etienne (2000).
[4] Kumar, S., Mohanty, K., Meikap, B. C. Removal of phenol from dilute aqueous solutions in a multistage bubble column adsorber using activated carbon prepared from Tamarindus indica wood. J. Environ. Protect. Sci. (2010) 4; 1-7.
[5] Adebowale, K. O., Adebowale, Y. A. Activated carbons from low temperature conversion chars. EJEAFChe (2008) 7; 3304-3315.
[6] Cazetta, A. L., Vargas, A. M. M., Nogami, E. M., Kunita, M. H., Guilherme, M. R., Martins, A. C., Silva, T. L., Moraes, J. C. G., Almeida, V. C. NaOH-activated carbon of high surface area produced from coconut shell: Kinetics and equilibrium studies from the methylene blue adsorption. Chem. Eng. J. (2011) 174; 117-125.
[7] Kirubakaran, C. J., Krishnaiah, K., Seshadri, S. K. Experimental study of the production of activated carbon from coconut shells in a fluidized bed reactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. (1991) 30; 2411-2416.
[8] Martínez de Yuso, A., Rubiob, B., Izquierdo, M. T. Influence of activation atmosphere used in the chemical activation of almond shell on the characteristics and adsorption performance of activated carbons. Fuel Process. Technol. (2014) 119; 74-80.
[9] Mourão, P. A. M., Laginhas, C., Custódio, F., Nabais, J. M. V., Carrott, P. J. M., Ribeiro Carrott, M. M. L. Influence of oxidation process on the adsorption capacity of activated carbons from lignocellulosic precursors. Fuel Process. Technol. (2011) 92; 241-246.
[10] Shawabkeh, R. A., Rockstraw, D. A., Bhada, R. K. Copper and strontium adsorption by a novel carbon material manufactured from pecan shells. Carbon (2002) 40; 781-786.
[11] Foo, K. Y., Hameed, B. H. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from pistachio nutshells via microwave-induced chemical activation. Biomass Bioenerg. (2011) 35; 3257-3261.
[12] Zabaniotou, A., Stavropoulos G., Skoulou, V. Activated carbon from olive kernels in a two-stage process: Industrial improvement. Bioresour. Technol. (2008) 99; 320-326.
[13] Hazourli, S., Ziati, M., Hazourli, A. Characterization of activated carbon prepared from lignocellulosic natural residue:-Example of date stones-. Phys. Procedia (2009) 2; 1039-1043.
[14] Haimour, N. M., Emeish, S. Utilization of date stones for production of activated carbon using phosphoric acid. Waste Manage. (2006) 26; 651-660.
[15] Mansooreh, S., Tahereh, K. Activated Hard Shell of Apricot Stones: A Promising Adsorbent in Gold Recovery. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. (2008) 16; 112-118.
[16] Angin, D. Production and characterization of activated carbon from sour cherry stones by zinc chloride. FUEL (2014) 115; 804-811.
[17] Yun, C., Shang-Ru, Z., Na, L., Yu, S., Qing-Da, A., Xiao-Wei, S. Dye removal of activated carbons prepared from NaOH-pretreated rice husks by low-temperature solution-processed carbonization and H3PO4 activation. Bioresour Technol. (2013) 144; 401-409.
[18] Tzong-Horng, L., Shao-Jung, W. Characteristics of microporous/mesoporous carbons prepared from rice husk under base- and acid-treated conditions. J. Hazard. Mater. (2009) 171; 693-703.
[19] Directorate of the Agricultural Statistics (DSA). Annual Report, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fishing. Republic of Benin (2013).
[20] Yuning, Q., Yumei, T., Bo, Z., Jian, Z., Yunhui, Z., Lili, W., Ying, L., Chunguang, R., Zichen, W. A novel mesoporous lignin/silica hybrid from rice husk produced by a sol–gel method. Bioresour. Technol. (2010) 101; 8402-8405.
[21] Sun, Y., Zhang, J. P., Yang, G., Li, Z. H. Production of activated carbon by H3PO4 activation treatment of corncob and its performance in removing nitrobenzene from water. Environ. Progress (2007) 26; 78-85.
[22] Yun, C. H., Park, Y. H., Oh, G. H., Park, C. R. Contribution of inorganic components in precursors to porosity evolution in biomass-based porous carbons. Carbon (2003) 41; 2009-2025.
[23] Pankaj, S., Harleen, K., Monika, S., Vishal, S. A review on applicability of naturally available adsorbents for the removal of hazardous dyes from aqueous waste. Environ. Monit. Assess (2011) 183; 151-195.
[24] Usmani, T. H., Ahmad, T. W., Yousufzai, A. H. K. Preparation and liquid-phase characterization of granular activated-carbon from rice husk. Bioresour. Technol. (1994) 48; 31-35.
[25] Standard Test Method for Determination of Iodine Number of Activated Carbon, ASTM D4607-94, (2006) 1-5.
[26] Basta, A. H., Fierro, V., El-Saied, H., Celzard, A. Steps KOH activation of rice straw: an efficient method for preparing high-performance activated carbons. Bioresour. Technol. (2009) 100; 3941-3947.
[27] Boehm, H. P. Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons. Carbon (1994) 32; 757-1032.
[28] Noh, J. S., Schwarz, J. A. Estimation of the point of zero charge of simple oxides by mass titration. J. Colloid Interface Sci. (1989) 130; 157-64.
[29] Stavropoulos, G. G., Samaras, P., Sakellaropoulos, G. P. Effect of activated carbons modification on porosity, surface structure and phenol adsorption. J. Hazard. Mater. (2008) 151; 414-421.
[30] Guo, Y., Rockstraw, D. A. Physicochemical properties of carbons prepared from pecan shell by phosphoric acid activation. Bioresour. Technol. (2007) 98; 1513-1521.
[31] American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed., Washington, DC, (1995).
[32] Murat, K., Esin, A. V., Ayse, E.P. Adsorptive removal of phenol from aqueous solutions on activated carbon prepared from tobacco residues: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics. J. Hazard. Mater. (2011) 189; 397-403.
[33] Wang, L., Guo, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, Y., Qu, Y., Rong, C., Ma, X., Wang, Z. A new route for preparation of hydrochars from rice husk. Bioresour. Technol. (2010) 101; 9807-9810.
[34] Sun, K., Jiang, J. C. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from rubber seed shell by physical activation with steam. Biomass Bioenerg. (2010) 34; 539-544.
[35] Verla, A. W., Horsfall, M. (Jnr), Verla, E. N, Spiff, A. I., Ekpete, O. A. Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis HOOK.F) seed shell. Asian J. Nat. Appl. Sci. (2012) 1; 39-50.
[36] Daifullah, A. A. M., Girgis, B. S., Gad, H. M. Utilization of agro-residues (rice husk) in small wastewater treatment plants. Mater. Lett. (2003) 57; 1723-1731.
[37] Reddy, K. S. K., Al Shoaibi, A., Srinivasakannan, C. A comparison of microstructure and adsorption characteristics of activated carbons by "CO2 and H3PO4" activation from date palm pits. New Carbon Mater. (2012) 27; 344-351.
[38] Tien, C. Adsorption calculations and modeling, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1994.
[39] Cyrus Arjmand., Tahereh Kaghazchi., Seyed Mahdi Latifi., Mansooreh Soleimani., Chemical Production of Activated Carbon from Nutshells and Date Stones. Chem. Eng. Technol. 29:8 (2006) 986-991.
[40] Mohammad A, Mohammad AR, Mohammad AM, Mohammad BS. Adsorption Studies on Activated Carbon Derived from Steam Char. Indian Society for Surface Science and Technology, India 23:1-2 (2007) 73-80.
[41] Vargas, A. M. M., Cazetta, A. L., Garcia, C. A., Moraes, J. C. G., Nogami, E. M., Lenzi, E., Costa, W. F., Almeida, V. C. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from a new raw lignocellulosic material: Flamboyant (Delonixregia) pods. J. Environm. Manage. (2011) 92; 178-184.
[42] Puziy, A. M., Poddubnaya, O. I., Martinez-Alonso, A., Suarez-Garcia, F., Tascon, J. M. D. Synthetic carbons activated with phosphoric acid I. Surface chemistry and ion binding properties. Carbon (2002a) 40; 1493-1505.
[43] Prahas, D., Kartika, Y., Indraswati, N., Ismadaji, S. Activated carbon from jackfruit peel waste by H3PO4 chemical activation: pore structure and surface chemistry characterization. Chem. Eng. J. (2008) 140; 32-42.
[44] Giles, C. H., Smith, D., Huitson, A. A general treatment and classification of the solute adsorption isotherm I Theoretical. Colloid Interface Sci. (1974) 47; 755-765.
[45] Langmuir, I. The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glassi mica and platinum. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1918) 40; 1361-1403.
[46] Freundlich, H. M. F. Uber die adsorption in losungen. Z. Phys. Chem., (1906) 57; 385-470.
[47] Mahapatra, K., Ramteke, D. S., Paliwal, L. J. Production of activated carbon from sludge of food processing industry under controlled pyrolysis and its application for methylene blue removal. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. (2012) 95; 79-86.
[48] Lu, Q., Sorial, G. A. Adsorption of phenolics on activated carbon––impact of pore size and molecular oxygen. Chemosphere (2004) 55; 671-679.
[49] Aygün, A., Yenisoy-Karakaş, S., Duman, I. Production of granular activated carbon from fruit stones and nutshells and evaluation of their physical, chemical and adsorption properties. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. (2003) 66; 189-195.
[50] Salame, I., Bandosz, T. J. Role of surface chemistry in adsorption of phenol on activated carbons. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. (2003) 264; 307-312.
[51] Terzyk, A. P. Further insights into the role of carbon surface functionalities in the mechanism of phenol adsorption. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. (2003) 268; 301-329.
[52] Ahmaruzzaman, M., Sharma, D. K. Adsorption of phenols from wastewater. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. (2005) 287; 14-24.
[53] Foo, K. Y., Hameed, B. H. Utilization of oil palm biodiesel solid residue as renewable sources for preparation of granular activated carbon by microwave induced KOH activation. Bioresour. Technol. (2013) 130; 696-702.
[54] Deniz, F., Saygideger, S. D. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of Acid Orange 52 dye biosorption by Paulownia tomentosaSteud. Leaf powder as a low-cost natural biosorbent. Bioresour. Technol. (2010) 101; 5137-5143.
Author Information
  • Applied Chemistry Study and Research Laboratory, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi University, Abomey-Calavi, Benin

  • Water Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo

  • Water Science and Technology Laboratory, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi University, Abomey-Calavi, Benin

  • Water Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo

  • Applied Chemistry Study and Research Laboratory, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi University, Abomey-Calavi, Benin

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Clément K. Balogoun, Ibrahim Tchakala, Mike Medokponou, Moctar L. Bawa, Dominique C. Sohounhloue. (2016). Influence of Pretreatment with Soda (NaOH) on the Structural Characteristics of Activated Carbon Prepared by Chemical Means with H3PO4 from Rice Bran. American Journal of Physical Chemistry, 5(2), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20160502.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Clément K. Balogoun; Ibrahim Tchakala; Mike Medokponou; Moctar L. Bawa; Dominique C. Sohounhloue. Influence of Pretreatment with Soda (NaOH) on the Structural Characteristics of Activated Carbon Prepared by Chemical Means with H3PO4 from Rice Bran. Am. J. Phys. Chem. 2016, 5(2), 35-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20160502.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Clément K. Balogoun, Ibrahim Tchakala, Mike Medokponou, Moctar L. Bawa, Dominique C. Sohounhloue. Influence of Pretreatment with Soda (NaOH) on the Structural Characteristics of Activated Carbon Prepared by Chemical Means with H3PO4 from Rice Bran. Am J Phys Chem. 2016;5(2):35-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20160502.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajpc.20160502.13,
      author = {Clément K. Balogoun and Ibrahim Tchakala and Mike Medokponou and Moctar L. Bawa and Dominique C. Sohounhloue},
      title = {Influence of Pretreatment with Soda (NaOH) on the Structural Characteristics of Activated Carbon Prepared by Chemical Means with H3PO4 from Rice Bran},
      journal = {American Journal of Physical Chemistry},
      volume = {5},
      number = {2},
      pages = {35-44},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajpc.20160502.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20160502.13},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpc.20160502.13},
      abstract = {The purpose of this work is the preparation of best activated carbons from rice bran through carbonization at 500°C preceded by an impregnation in a 25% H3PO4 solution. We carry out the study of the effects of pretreatment with soda and Xp impregnation ratio on characteristics of three series of activated carbons SR0N, SR1N and SR2N corresponding to the pre-treatment with soda 0 M, 1 M and 2 M respectively. The iodine value and the textural properties of prepared carbons have been determined. The maximum iodine value, 893 mg.g-1 is obtained in the SR2N series for Xp = 2.5. In the SR1N series the maximum iodine value 866 mg.g-1 is obtained for Xp = 4. Also activated carbons CS1 (SR1N - Xp = 4) and CS2 (SR2N - Xp = 2.5) have the following characteristics: specific surface area equal to 1711.6 and 1558.5 m2g-1 and porous volumes of 1.234 and 1.385 cm3/g respectively. Studies conducted on phenol adsorption and thermodynamic showed that CS1 is slightly more effective than CS2 with a spontaneous and exothermic reaction. On the other hand, their adsorption isotherms are best described by the Langmuir model than that of Freundlich.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Influence of Pretreatment with Soda (NaOH) on the Structural Characteristics of Activated Carbon Prepared by Chemical Means with H3PO4 from Rice Bran
    AU  - Clément K. Balogoun
    AU  - Ibrahim Tchakala
    AU  - Mike Medokponou
    AU  - Moctar L. Bawa
    AU  - Dominique C. Sohounhloue
    Y1  - 2016/03/30
    PY  - 2016
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20160502.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpc.20160502.13
    T2  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
    JF  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
    JO  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
    SP  - 35
    EP  - 44
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2327-2449
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20160502.13
    AB  - The purpose of this work is the preparation of best activated carbons from rice bran through carbonization at 500°C preceded by an impregnation in a 25% H3PO4 solution. We carry out the study of the effects of pretreatment with soda and Xp impregnation ratio on characteristics of three series of activated carbons SR0N, SR1N and SR2N corresponding to the pre-treatment with soda 0 M, 1 M and 2 M respectively. The iodine value and the textural properties of prepared carbons have been determined. The maximum iodine value, 893 mg.g-1 is obtained in the SR2N series for Xp = 2.5. In the SR1N series the maximum iodine value 866 mg.g-1 is obtained for Xp = 4. Also activated carbons CS1 (SR1N - Xp = 4) and CS2 (SR2N - Xp = 2.5) have the following characteristics: specific surface area equal to 1711.6 and 1558.5 m2g-1 and porous volumes of 1.234 and 1.385 cm3/g respectively. Studies conducted on phenol adsorption and thermodynamic showed that CS1 is slightly more effective than CS2 with a spontaneous and exothermic reaction. On the other hand, their adsorption isotherms are best described by the Langmuir model than that of Freundlich.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections