Flame retardant behaviour was imparted using the layer-by layer assemblies of phosphorus rich casein milk protein with eco-friendly inorganic chemicals on cotton fabrics. The cotton twill fabrics were prepared using two solutions; a mixture of positively charged branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) with urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP), and negatively charged casein. Layer-by-layer assemblies for flame retardant properties were applied using the pad-dry-cure method, and each coating formula was rotated for 20 bi-layers. The effectiveness to resist flame spread on treated fabrics was evaluated using vertical (ASTM D6413-08) and 45° angle flammability test (ASTM D1230-01) methods. In most case, char lengths of fabrics that passed the vertical flammability tests were less than 50% of the original length, and after-flame and after-glow times were less than one second. Thermal properties were tested the extent of char produced by untreated and treated fabrics at 600°C by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Micro-scale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and Limiting oxygen indices (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were also assessed. All untreated fabrics showed LOI values of about 21% oxygen in nitrogen. LOI values for the treated casein with BPEI/urea/DAP fabrics were greater than 29-34% between 5.80-9.59 add on wt%. Their structural characterizations were revealed by TGA/FT-IR and SEM methods. The treated fabrics exhibited improved thermal stability, as evidenced by increased ignition times and lower heat release rates. The results of this study show that flame retardant nanocoatings can be readily applied to textile fabrics using a continuous process that is ideal for commercial and industrial applications.
| Published in | International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 8, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20190805.12 |
| Page(s) | 81-89 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Layer-by-Layer, Cotton, Flame Retardant, TGA/FTIR, Thermogravimetric Analysis
| [1] | Wakelyn, P. J. et al. (2006) Cotton Fibers Chemistry and Technology 1st ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. |
| [2] | https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/3085/retail-uses-of-cotton. |
| [3] | Bourbigot, S. Flame Retardancy of Textiles: New Approaches. In: Horrocks, A. R. and Price, D., Ed., Advances in Fire Retardant Materials, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2009. 9−40. |
| [4] | Horrocks, A. R. Flame Retardant Challenges for Textiles and Fibres: New Chemistry versus Innovatory Solution. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2011. Vol. 96, 377-392. |
| [5] | Horrocks, A. R., Kandola, B. K., Davies, P. J., Zhang, S. and Padbury, P. A. Developments in Flame Retardant Textiles – a Review. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2005. Vol. 88, 3-12. |
| [6] | Weil, E. D. and Levchik, S. V. Flame Retardants in Chemical Use or Development for Textiles. Journal of Fire Sciences. 2008. Vol. 26, 243-281. |
| [7] | Reeves, W. A., Perkins, R. M., Piccolo, B. and Drake, G. L. Some Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing Flame Retardancy. Textile Research Journal. 1970. Vol. 40, 223-231. |
| [8] | Yang, C. Q. and Qiu, X. Flame-retardant Finishing of Cotton Fleece Fabric: Part I. The use of a hydroxyl-functional organophosphorus oligomer and dimethyloldihydroxylethyleneurea. Fire and Materials. 2007. Vol. 31, 67-81. |
| [9] | Kishore, K. and Mohandas, K. Action of Phosphorus Compounds on Fire-retardancy of Cellulosic Materials: A Review. Fire and Materials. 1982. Vol. 6, 54-58. |
| [10] | Carosio, F., Blasio, A. D., Cuttica, F., Alongo, J. and Malucelli, G. Flame Retardancy of Polyester and Polyester-Cotton Blends Treated with Caseins. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2014. vol. 53, 3917-3923. |
| [11] | Malucelli, G., Bosco, F., Alongi, J., Carosio, F., Blasio, A. D., Mollea, C., Cuttica, F. and Casale, A. Biomacromolecules as Novel Green Flame Retardant Systems for Textile: an Overview. RSC Advances. 2014. Vol. 4, 46024-46039. |
| [12] | Parikh, D. V.; Calamari, T. A.; Peterson, D. B. FR/Resilient perpendicular-laid nonwovens containing cotton. AATCC Review. 2002. Vol. 2, 33–37. |
| [13] | Gaan, S. and Sun, G. Effect of Phosphorus Flame Retardants on Thermo-Oxidative Decomposition of Cotton. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2007. vol. 92, 968-974. |
| [14] | Decher, G., Hong, J., and Schmitt, J. Buildup of ultrathin multilayer films by a self-assembly process: III. Consecutively alternating adsorption of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes on charged surfaces. Thin Solid Films, 1992. Vol. 210/211, 831-835. |
| [15] | Decher, G., Lehr, B., Lowack, K., Lvov, Y., and Schmitt, J. New nanocomposite films for biosensors: Layer-by-layer adsorbed films of polyelectrolytes, proteins or DNA. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 1994. vol. 9, 677-684. |
| [16] | Kong, W., Zhang, X., Gao, M., Zhou, H., Li, W., and Shen, J. A new kind of immobilized enzyme multilayer based on cationic and anionic interaction. Macromolecular Rapid Communication. 1994. Vol. 15, 405-409. |
| [17] | Mao, N. Towards objective discrimination & evaluation of fabric tactile properties: Quantification of biaxial fabric deformations by using energy methods. Proceedings of AUTEX 2014. |
| [18] | Uğur, S. S., Sariisik, M., and Aktas, A. H. Nano-Al2O3 multilayer film deposition on cotton fabrics by layer-by-layer deposition method. Materials Research Bulletin. 2011. vol. 46, 1202-1206. |
| [19] | Uğur, S. S. et al. Modifying of Cotton Fabric Surface with Nano-ZnO Multilayer Films by Layer-by-Layer Deposition Method. Nanoscale Research Letter. 2010. Vol. 5, 1204-1210. |
| [20] | Wang, Q.; Hauser, P. J. Developing a novel UV protection process for cotton based on layer-by-layer self-assembly. Carbohydrate Polymer, 2010. Vol. 81, 491-496. |
| [21] | Leng, B., Shao, Z., de With, G., and Ming W. Superoleophobic Cotton Textiles. Langmuir. 2009. Vol. 25, 2456-2460. |
| [22] | Zhao, Y., Tang, Y. Wand, X and Lin, T. Superhydrophobic cotton fabric fabricated by electrostatic assembly of silica nanoparticles and its remarkable buoyancy. Applied Surface Science. 2010. Vol. 256, 6736-6742. |
| [23] | Zandi, M., Hashemi, S. A., Aminayi, P. and Hosseinali, F. Microencapsulation of disperse dye particles with nano film coating through layer by layer technique. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2011. Vol. 119, 586-594. |
| [24] | Cerkez, I., Kocer, H. B., Worley, S. D., Broughton, R. M. and Huang, T. S. N-Halamine Biocidal Coatings via a Layer-by-Layer Assembly Technique. Langmuir. 2011. Vol. 27, 4091-4097. |
| [25] | Joshi, M., Khanna, R. and Jha K. Chitosan nanocoating on cotton textile substrate using layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. Journal of Applied Polymer Science2011. Vol. 119, 2793-2799. |
| [26] | Chang, S., Slopek, R., Condon, B. and Grunlan, J. Surface Coating for Flame-Retardant Behavior of Cotton Fabric Using a Continuous Layer-by-Layer Process. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research. 2014. Vol. 53, 3805-3812. |
| [27] | Li, Y-C., Schulz, J., Mannen, S., Delhom, C., Condon, B., Chang, S., Zammarano, M., and Grunlan, J. Flame Retardant Behavior of Polyelectrolyte-Clay Thin Film Assemblies on Cotton Fabric. ACS Nano. 2010. Vol. 4, 3325-3337. |
| [28] | Li, Y-C., Mannen, S., Morgan, A. B., Chang, S., Yang, Y-H, Condon, B., and Grunlan, J. Intumescent All-polymer Multilayer Nanocoating Capable of Extinguishing Flame of Fabric. Advanced Materials. 2011. Vol. 23, 3926-3931. |
| [29] | Carosio, F., Alongi, J., and Malucelli, G. α-Zirconium phosphate-based nanoarchitectures on polyester fabrics through layer-by-layer assembly. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2011. Vol. 21, 10370-10376. |
| [30] | Minimum oxygen concentration to support candle-like combustion (2009). American Society for Standards and Testing, ASTM D 2863-09. |
| [31] | Standard test method for flame resistance of textiles (2001). American Society for Standards and Testing, ASTM D-1230-01. |
| [32] | Standard test method for flame resistance of textiles (Vertical Test) (2011). American Society for Standards and Testing, ASTM D-6413-11. |
| [33] | Chen, Y., Frendi, A., Tewari, S. S. and Sibulkin, M. Combustion Properties of Pure and Fire-retarded Cellulose. Combustion and Flame. 1991. Vol. 84, 121-140. |
| [34] | Bajaj, P. Heat and flame protection. In: Horrocks, A. R. and Anand, S. C., Eds., Handbook of Technical Textiles, Woodhead Publishing and CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2000. 223-263. |
| [35] | Purser, D. and Horrocks, A. R. Toxicity of fire retardants in relation to life, safety and environmental hazards and Textiles. In: Horrocks, A. R. and Price, D., Eds., Fire Retardant Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2001. 62-181. |
| [36] | Nguyen, T. M., Chang, S., Condon, B., Slopek, R., Graves, E. and Yoshioka-Tarver, M. Structural Effect of Phosphoramidate Derivatives on the Thermal and Flame Retardant Behaviors of Treated Cotton Cellulose. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013. Vol. 52, 4715-4724. |
| [37] | Faroq, A. A., Price, D., Milnes, G. J. and Horrocks, A. R. Thermogravimetric Analysis Study of the Mechanism of Pyrolysis of Untreated and Flame Retardant Treated Cotton Fabrics under a Continuous Flow of Nitrogen. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 1994. Vol. 44, 323-333. |
| [38] | Wang, S., Liu, Q., Luo, Z., Wen, L. and Cen, K. Mechanism study on cellulose pyrolysis using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectroscopy. Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China. 2007. Vol. 1, 413-419. |
| [39] | Shen, D. K. and Gu, S. The mechanism for thermal decomposition of cellulose and its main products. Bioresource Technology. 2009. Vol. 100, 6496-6504. |
APA Style
Sechin Chang, Brian Condon, Jade Smith, Sunghyun Nam. (2019). Innovative Approach to Flame Retardant Cotton Fabrics with Phosphorus Rich Casein via Layer-by-Layer Processing. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 8(5), 81-89. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20190805.12
ACS Style
Sechin Chang; Brian Condon; Jade Smith; Sunghyun Nam. Innovative Approach to Flame Retardant Cotton Fabrics with Phosphorus Rich Casein via Layer-by-Layer Processing. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2019, 8(5), 81-89. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20190805.12
AMA Style
Sechin Chang, Brian Condon, Jade Smith, Sunghyun Nam. Innovative Approach to Flame Retardant Cotton Fabrics with Phosphorus Rich Casein via Layer-by-Layer Processing. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2019;8(5):81-89. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20190805.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20190805.12,
author = {Sechin Chang and Brian Condon and Jade Smith and Sunghyun Nam},
title = {Innovative Approach to Flame Retardant Cotton Fabrics with Phosphorus Rich Casein via Layer-by-Layer Processing},
journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
volume = {8},
number = {5},
pages = {81-89},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20190805.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20190805.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20190805.12},
abstract = {Flame retardant behaviour was imparted using the layer-by layer assemblies of phosphorus rich casein milk protein with eco-friendly inorganic chemicals on cotton fabrics. The cotton twill fabrics were prepared using two solutions; a mixture of positively charged branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) with urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP), and negatively charged casein. Layer-by-layer assemblies for flame retardant properties were applied using the pad-dry-cure method, and each coating formula was rotated for 20 bi-layers. The effectiveness to resist flame spread on treated fabrics was evaluated using vertical (ASTM D6413-08) and 45° angle flammability test (ASTM D1230-01) methods. In most case, char lengths of fabrics that passed the vertical flammability tests were less than 50% of the original length, and after-flame and after-glow times were less than one second. Thermal properties were tested the extent of char produced by untreated and treated fabrics at 600°C by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Micro-scale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and Limiting oxygen indices (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were also assessed. All untreated fabrics showed LOI values of about 21% oxygen in nitrogen. LOI values for the treated casein with BPEI/urea/DAP fabrics were greater than 29-34% between 5.80-9.59 add on wt%. Their structural characterizations were revealed by TGA/FT-IR and SEM methods. The treated fabrics exhibited improved thermal stability, as evidenced by increased ignition times and lower heat release rates. The results of this study show that flame retardant nanocoatings can be readily applied to textile fabrics using a continuous process that is ideal for commercial and industrial applications.},
year = {2019}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Innovative Approach to Flame Retardant Cotton Fabrics with Phosphorus Rich Casein via Layer-by-Layer Processing AU - Sechin Chang AU - Brian Condon AU - Jade Smith AU - Sunghyun Nam Y1 - 2019/10/23 PY - 2019 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20190805.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20190805.12 T2 - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications JF - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications JO - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications SP - 81 EP - 89 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2327-2643 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20190805.12 AB - Flame retardant behaviour was imparted using the layer-by layer assemblies of phosphorus rich casein milk protein with eco-friendly inorganic chemicals on cotton fabrics. The cotton twill fabrics were prepared using two solutions; a mixture of positively charged branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) with urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP), and negatively charged casein. Layer-by-layer assemblies for flame retardant properties were applied using the pad-dry-cure method, and each coating formula was rotated for 20 bi-layers. The effectiveness to resist flame spread on treated fabrics was evaluated using vertical (ASTM D6413-08) and 45° angle flammability test (ASTM D1230-01) methods. In most case, char lengths of fabrics that passed the vertical flammability tests were less than 50% of the original length, and after-flame and after-glow times were less than one second. Thermal properties were tested the extent of char produced by untreated and treated fabrics at 600°C by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Micro-scale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and Limiting oxygen indices (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were also assessed. All untreated fabrics showed LOI values of about 21% oxygen in nitrogen. LOI values for the treated casein with BPEI/urea/DAP fabrics were greater than 29-34% between 5.80-9.59 add on wt%. Their structural characterizations were revealed by TGA/FT-IR and SEM methods. The treated fabrics exhibited improved thermal stability, as evidenced by increased ignition times and lower heat release rates. The results of this study show that flame retardant nanocoatings can be readily applied to textile fabrics using a continuous process that is ideal for commercial and industrial applications. VL - 8 IS - 5 ER -
Information
Email: