Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

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Germination of Allanblackia floribunda Seeds: The Effect of Soak Duration in Fluridone on Germination and Seedling Growth

Received: 21 May 2015    Accepted: 07 June 2015    Published: 16 June 2015
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Abstract

Allanblackia seeds contain about 72% white fat (mostly of oleic and stearic acid), with high medicinal and industrial value, but the plant has not been domesticated, so seeds are only gotten from the wild. The demand for seeds of the wild Allanblackia floribunda exceeds supply and efforts to domesticate the plant to increase seed availability have been unsuccessful due to long seed dormancy periods. Soaking scarified seeds from immature fruits in water or fluridone shortened dormancy to less than 3 months, but the effects of different soak durations on germination, dormancy and seedling vigor, are not fully understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of three soak durations (1, 6, and 12 h) in water or fluridone (10 µM or 30 µM) on seed germination and seedling growth. The study was a 3 x 3 factorial experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design, using scarified immature seeds. At 16 weeks after treatment, seedlings were transplanted into polypots filled with topsoil and assessed weekly for the effects of treatments on seedling growth (leaf number and plant height). The % germination increased as the duration of soak in water or 10 µM fluridone increased from 1 to 12 h. The tendency to obtain 75-100% germination was higher when seeds were soaked in 10 µM fluridone (i.e., for 6 or 12 h) as compared to soaking in water for up to 12 h. The shortest duration (72 d, i.e., approx. 2.5 months) to achieve >75% germination was when Allanblackia seeds were soaked for 6 h in 10 µM fluridone. Soaking the seeds for 12 h in 10 µM fluridone resulted in 100% germination in 3 months. At transplanting, seedlings from fluridone treated seeds were taller, and had more leaves than those from seeds soaked in water for 1 or 6 h, but the reverse was observed in seedlings from seeds soaked for 12 h in water. However, these effects diminished after 2 weeks, when the seedlings have become established. This study has shown a promising method for achieving rapid and efficient germination of Allanblackia seeds with no noticeable adverse effects on seedling establishment.

DOI 10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20
Published in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2015)
Page(s) 142-147
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Allanblackia floribunda, Rapid Germination, Seed Dormancy, Fluridone

References
[1] Adubofuor, J., W. Sefah and J. H. Oldham. 2013. Nutrient composition of Allanblackia paviflora seed kernels and oil compared with some plant fats and oils and application of the oil in soap preparation. J. Cereals and Oil seeds, 4(1): 1-9.
[2] Atangana, A. R., Z. Tchoundjeu, E.K. Asaah, A.J. Simons, and D.P. Khasa. 2006. Domestication of Allanblackia floribunda: Amenability to vegetative propagation. Forest Ecology and Management 237: 246-251. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.081.
[3] Bewly J. D., and Black, M. 1994. Seeds – Physiology of development and germination. Plenum Press, New York, 445 pp.
[4] Bonanome, A., and S.M. Grundy. 1988. Effect of dietary stearic acid on plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels. New England Journal of Medicine 318(19): 1244-1248.
[5] Collet, D. (1994). Modelling Survival Data in Medical Research. Chapman and Hall, London.
[6] Eckey, E.W., Vegetable Fats and Oils, Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1954. pp 695-6
[7] Foma, M., and T. Abdala. 1985. Kernel oils of seven species of Zaire. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 62(5): 910-911.
[8] Fong F, Koehler DE, Smith JD. 1983. Fluridone induction of vivipary during maize seed development. In: Kruger JE, LaBerg DE, eds. Third International Symposium on Pre- Harvest Sprouting in Cereals. Boulder, Co. USA: Westview Press, 188-95.
[9] Hamadina, E.I., and G. Eze. 2013. Pre Tuber Application of Fluridone: Effect on Vegetative Growth and Seed Tuber Dormancy in Yam (D. alata). American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Vol. 4(4): 415-426, 2014
[10] Hamadina, E.I.; Craufurd, P.Q.; Battey, N.H.; Asiedu, R. 2010. In vitro micro-tuber initiation and dormancy in yam. Annals of Applied Biology vol. 157 issue 2 September 2010. p. 203-212
[11] Hilditch, Chemical Contribution of Natural Fats. pp 264-5 TANG. Tr. Bull., 1958, Part I, p.13
[12] Hoon, T.S. (2008). Using Kaplan Meier and Cox regression in survival analysis: An example. ESTEEM, Vol.4, pp.3-14.
[13] Ileleji, F. O. and E. I., Hamadina. 2015. Improving Seed Germination in Allanblackia floribunda: Effect of Seed Age and Fluridone. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Vol. 11(2):24-32
[14] Le Page-Degivry M-T, Barthe P, Garello G. 1990. Involvement of endogenous abscisic acid in onset and release of Helianthus annuus embryo dormancy.Plant Physiology 92, 1164-8.
[15] Leakey, R.R.B., J-M.Fondoun, A. Atangana, and Z. Tchoundjeu. 2000. Quantitative descriptors of variation in the fruits and seeds of Irvingia gabonensis. Agroforestry Systems 50: 47-58.
[16] Loveys, B. R. and van Dijk, HM. 1988. Improved extraction of abscisic acid from plant tissues. Austr. J, Plant Physiol. 15:421-427.
[17] Mulwa R.M.S., Nwanza L.M. (2006) Biotechnology approaches to developing herbicide tolerance/selectivity in crops. African journal of Biotechnology,5,396-404
[18] Munjuga, M., Ofori, D., Sawe, C., Asaah, E., Anegbeh, P., Peprah, T., Mpanda, M., Mwaura L., Mtui, E., Sirito, C., Atangana, A., Henneh, S., Tchoundjeu, Z., Jamnadass, R., Simons, A.J. (2008). Allanblackia propagation protocol. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya, ISBN 978-92- 9059-231-0.
[19] Nkengfack, A.E., G.A. Azebaze, J.C. Vardamides, Z.T. Fomum, and F.R. van Heerden. 2002. A prenylatedxanthone from Allanblackia floribunda. Phytochemistry60: 381-384.
[20] Ofori, D.O., Peprah, A.T., Cobbinah, J.R., Atchwerebour, H.A., Osabutey, F., Tchoundjeu, Z., Simons, A.J. ,Jamnadass, R. 2011. Germination requirements of Allanblackia parviflora seeds and early growth of seedlings. New Forest, 41:337-348 DOI: 10.1007/s11056-011-9252-1.
[21] Ofori, D.O., Peprah, A.T., Cobbinah, J.R., Atchwerebour, H.A., Osabutey, F., Tchoundjeu, Z., Simons, A.J. , Jamnadass, R. (2011). Germination requirements of Allanblackia parviflora seeds and early growth of seedlings. New Forest, 41:337-348 DOI: 10.1007/s11056-011-9252-1.
[22] Peprah T, Moses Munjuga, Daniel Ofori, Corodius Sawe, Ebenezar Asaah,Paul Anegbeh, Mathew Mpanda, Lucy Mwaura, Eustack Mtui, Chrispine Sirito, Alain Atangana, Samuel Henneh Zac Tchoundjeu, Ramni Jamnadass and Tony Simons 2008. Allanblackia propagation protocol.
[23] Suttle, J. C. (1995). Postharvest changes in ABA levels and ABA metabolism in relation to dormancy in potato tubers. Physiologia Plantarum, 95, 233-240.
[24] Thind, S. K., Chanpreet and Miridula. 1997. Effect of fluridone on free sugar level in heat stressed mungbean seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation 22(1):19-22
[25] Villiers, T.A. and Wareing, P.F. 1960. Interaction of growth inhibitor and natural germination stimulator in the dormancy of Fraxinus excelsior L. I, 185, 112-114.
[26] Watanabe, H., Takahashi, K., and Saigusa, M. 2001. Morphological and anatomical effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and fluridone (FLU) on the growth of rice mesocotyls. Plant Growth Regulation 34(3):273-275
[27] Zeevaart, J.A.D., and Creelman, R.A. (1988).Metabolism and physiology of abscisic acid.Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 39, 439–473.
Author Information
  • Crop and Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

  • Crop and Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

  • Crop and Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

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    Faith Ileleji, Elsie I. Hamadina, Joseph A. Orluchukwu. (2015). Germination of Allanblackia floribunda Seeds: The Effect of Soak Duration in Fluridone on Germination and Seedling Growth. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 4(3), 142-147. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20

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    ACS Style

    Faith Ileleji; Elsie I. Hamadina; Joseph A. Orluchukwu. Germination of Allanblackia floribunda Seeds: The Effect of Soak Duration in Fluridone on Germination and Seedling Growth. Agric. For. Fish. 2015, 4(3), 142-147. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20

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    AMA Style

    Faith Ileleji, Elsie I. Hamadina, Joseph A. Orluchukwu. Germination of Allanblackia floribunda Seeds: The Effect of Soak Duration in Fluridone on Germination and Seedling Growth. Agric For Fish. 2015;4(3):142-147. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20

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  • @article{10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20,
      author = {Faith Ileleji and Elsie I. Hamadina and Joseph A. Orluchukwu},
      title = {Germination of Allanblackia floribunda Seeds: The Effect of Soak Duration in Fluridone on Germination and Seedling Growth},
      journal = {Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries},
      volume = {4},
      number = {3},
      pages = {142-147},
      doi = {10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aff.20150403.20},
      abstract = {Allanblackia seeds contain about 72% white fat (mostly of oleic and stearic acid), with high medicinal and industrial value, but the plant has not been domesticated, so seeds are only gotten from the wild.  The demand for seeds of the wild Allanblackia floribunda exceeds supply and efforts to domesticate the plant to increase seed availability have been unsuccessful due to long seed dormancy periods. Soaking scarified seeds from immature fruits in water or fluridone shortened dormancy to less than 3 months, but the effects of different soak durations on germination, dormancy and seedling vigor, are not fully understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of three soak durations (1, 6, and 12 h) in water or fluridone (10 µM or 30 µM) on seed germination and seedling growth. The study was a 3 x 3 factorial experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design, using scarified immature seeds. At 16 weeks after treatment, seedlings were transplanted into polypots filled with topsoil and assessed weekly for the effects of treatments on seedling growth (leaf number and plant height). The % germination increased as the duration of soak in water or 10 µM fluridone increased from 1 to 12 h. The tendency to obtain 75-100% germination was higher when seeds were soaked in 10 µM fluridone (i.e., for 6 or 12 h) as compared to soaking in water for up to 12 h. The shortest duration (72 d, i.e., approx. 2.5 months) to achieve >75% germination was when Allanblackia seeds were soaked for 6 h in 10 µM fluridone. Soaking the seeds for 12 h in 10 µM fluridone resulted in 100% germination in 3 months. At transplanting, seedlings from fluridone treated seeds were taller, and had more leaves than those from seeds soaked in water for 1 or 6 h, but the reverse was observed in seedlings from seeds soaked for 12 h in water. However, these effects diminished after 2 weeks, when the seedlings have become established.  This study has shown a promising method for achieving rapid and efficient germination of Allanblackia seeds with no noticeable adverse effects on seedling establishment.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Germination of Allanblackia floribunda Seeds: The Effect of Soak Duration in Fluridone on Germination and Seedling Growth
    AU  - Faith Ileleji
    AU  - Elsie I. Hamadina
    AU  - Joseph A. Orluchukwu
    Y1  - 2015/06/16
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20
    DO  - 10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20
    T2  - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
    JF  - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
    JO  - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
    SP  - 142
    EP  - 147
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5648
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20150403.20
    AB  - Allanblackia seeds contain about 72% white fat (mostly of oleic and stearic acid), with high medicinal and industrial value, but the plant has not been domesticated, so seeds are only gotten from the wild.  The demand for seeds of the wild Allanblackia floribunda exceeds supply and efforts to domesticate the plant to increase seed availability have been unsuccessful due to long seed dormancy periods. Soaking scarified seeds from immature fruits in water or fluridone shortened dormancy to less than 3 months, but the effects of different soak durations on germination, dormancy and seedling vigor, are not fully understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of three soak durations (1, 6, and 12 h) in water or fluridone (10 µM or 30 µM) on seed germination and seedling growth. The study was a 3 x 3 factorial experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design, using scarified immature seeds. At 16 weeks after treatment, seedlings were transplanted into polypots filled with topsoil and assessed weekly for the effects of treatments on seedling growth (leaf number and plant height). The % germination increased as the duration of soak in water or 10 µM fluridone increased from 1 to 12 h. The tendency to obtain 75-100% germination was higher when seeds were soaked in 10 µM fluridone (i.e., for 6 or 12 h) as compared to soaking in water for up to 12 h. The shortest duration (72 d, i.e., approx. 2.5 months) to achieve >75% germination was when Allanblackia seeds were soaked for 6 h in 10 µM fluridone. Soaking the seeds for 12 h in 10 µM fluridone resulted in 100% germination in 3 months. At transplanting, seedlings from fluridone treated seeds were taller, and had more leaves than those from seeds soaked in water for 1 or 6 h, but the reverse was observed in seedlings from seeds soaked for 12 h in water. However, these effects diminished after 2 weeks, when the seedlings have become established.  This study has shown a promising method for achieving rapid and efficient germination of Allanblackia seeds with no noticeable adverse effects on seedling establishment.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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