American Journal of Life Sciences

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Nkombo Island: The Most Important Schistosomiasis mansoni Focus in Rwanda

Received: 07 January 2015    Accepted: 25 January 2015    Published: 02 February 2015
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Abstract

In Rwanda, the initial school-based mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections was completed in 2008. Despite the classification of low endemicity of intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni) in Rusizi district, the Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) programme has received warnings two years after the mapping on high infection level on Nkombo Island located in this district. This study aims to report on prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in an area which was the last to be investigated in Rwanda and provide some critics on current mapping guidelines. The study was done in January 2011 with a sample of 311 schoolchildren aged 10-19 years. Stool screening was performed by Kato-Katz technique. Overall prevalence of S. mansoni was found to be 62.1% (95%CI: 56.4-67.5), ranging from 28.6% (95%CI: 19.2-39.5) to 77.9% (95%CI: 67.0-86.6) across the schools. The prevalence of S. mansoni among the schoolchildren of Nkombo Island was found to be the highest in Rwanda. These findings confirm the extreme focality of schistosomiasis and the fact that the current mapping guidelines are likely to miss some hotspots. For the validation of schistosomiasis distribution at country level, there is need for new innovative mapping methodology that can provide to control programmes more accurate data for planning and undertaking control interventions at the district and the lowest implementation levels. When mapping units have to be designed they should give more priority to areas surrounding perennial water bodies that are considered high-risk zones.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.16
Published in American Journal of Life Sciences (Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2015)
Page(s) 27-31
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Nkombo Island, Rwanda, S. mansoni, Schistosomiasis, STH, A. Lumbricoides, T. Trichiura, Hookworm, Prevalence, Intensity, Schoolchildren, Neglected Tropical Diseases

References
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[2] Mupfasoni D, Karibushi B, Koukounari A, Ruberanziza E, Kaberuka T, Kramer MH, et al. Polyparasite helminth infections and their association to anaemia and undernutrition in Northern Rwanda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009;3(9):e517.
[3] Ruberanziza E, Mupfasoni D, Karibushi B, Kabera M, Karema C, Nyatanyi T, Ruzindana E, Gatabazi JB, Mukabayire O, Fenwick A, Ruxin J. A recent update of schistosomiasis mansoni endemicity around Lake Rweru. Rwanda Medical Journal 2010 Dec;68(4):6-9.
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[5] World Health Organization (WHO). Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions : a manual for health professionals and program managers. World Health Organization. Geneva; 2006.
[6] Montresor A, Crompton DWT, Hall A, Bundy DAP, Savioli L. Guidelines for the evaluation of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis at community level. Geneva; 1998. Report No.: WHO/CTD/SIP/98.1.
[7] Lwanga KS, Lemeshow S. Sample size determination in health studies. A practical manual. World Health Organization. Geneva; 1991.
[8] Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J. A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 1972;14: 397-400.
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[12] Ruberanziza E, Gahimbare L, Musemakweri A, Vervoort T, Van den Ende J, Clerinx J. Schistosomiasis mansoni in children around Lake Ruhondo, Rwanda. A clinico-epidemiological study. RMJ 2007;66(2):5-11.
[13] Vimont Vicary MP. [Recent detection of a schistosomiasis focus with S. mansoni in a high region of Rwanda (author's transl)]. Med Trop (Mars ) 1981 Nov;41(6):653-6.
[14] Brooker S. Schistosomes, snails and satellites. Acta Trop 2002 May;82(2):207-14.
[15] Raso G, Matthys B, N'goran EK, Tanner M, Vounatsou P, Utzinger J. Spatial risk prediction and mapping of Schistosoma mansoni infections among schoolchildren living in western Cote d'Ivoire. Parasitology 2005 Jul;131(Pt 1):97-108.
[16] Raso G, Vounatsou P, Singer BH, N'goran EK, Tanner M, Utzinger J. An integrated approach for risk profiling and spatial prediction of Schistosoma mansoni-hookworm coinfection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 May 2;103(18):6934-9.
[17] Brooker S, Alexander N, Geiger S, Moyeed RA, Stander J, Fleming F, et al. Contrasting patterns in the small-scale heterogeneity of human helminth infections in urban and rural environments in Brazil. Int J Parasitol 2006 Sep; 36(10-11): 1143-51.
[18] Clements AC, Lwambo NJ, Blair L, Nyandindi U, Kaatano G, Kinung'hi S, et al. Bayesian spatial analysis and disease mapping: tools to enhance planning and implementation of a schistosomiasis control programme in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 2006 Apr;11(4):490-503.
[19] Simoonga C, Kazembe LN, Kristensen TK, Olsen A, Appleton CC, Mubita P, et al. The epidemiology and small-scale spatial heterogeneity of urinary schistosomiasis in Lusaka province, Zambia. Geospat Health 2008 Nov;3(1):57-67.
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[21] Knopp S, Person B, Ame SM, Mohammed KA, Ali SM, Khamis S, et al. Elimination of Schistosomiasis Transmission in Zanzibar: Baseline Findings before the Onset of a Randomized Intervention Trial. Plos Negl Trop Dis 2013 Oct; 7(10):10.1371/annotation/d5135174-e4ff-44c6-9c04-17c072a4fd0b. doi:10.1371/annotation/d5135174-e4ff-44c6-9c04-17c072a4fd0b
Author Information
  • Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, The Access Project-Columbia University, Kigali, Rwanda

  • Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, The Access Project-Columbia University, Kigali, Rwanda

  • Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

  • Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

  • Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, The Access Project-Columbia University, Kigali, Rwanda

  • Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, The Access Project-Columbia University, Kigali, Rwanda

  • Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

  • TRAC Plus – Center for Treatment and Research on Aids, Malaria and Tuberculosis, Kigali, Rwanda

  • TRAC Plus – Center for Treatment and Research on Aids, Malaria and Tuberculosis, Kigali, Rwanda

  • National Reference Laboratory, Kigali, Rwanda

  • Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Eugene Ruberanziza, Michée Kabera, Giuseppina Ortu, Kirezi Kanobana, Denise Mupfasoni, et al. (2015). Nkombo Island: The Most Important Schistosomiasis mansoni Focus in Rwanda. American Journal of Life Sciences, 3(1), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.16

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    ACS Style

    Eugene Ruberanziza; Michée Kabera; Giuseppina Ortu; Kirezi Kanobana; Denise Mupfasoni, et al. Nkombo Island: The Most Important Schistosomiasis mansoni Focus in Rwanda. Am. J. Life Sci. 2015, 3(1), 27-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.16

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    AMA Style

    Eugene Ruberanziza, Michée Kabera, Giuseppina Ortu, Kirezi Kanobana, Denise Mupfasoni, et al. Nkombo Island: The Most Important Schistosomiasis mansoni Focus in Rwanda. Am J Life Sci. 2015;3(1):27-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.16

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.16,
      author = {Eugene Ruberanziza and Michée Kabera and Giuseppina Ortu and Kirezi Kanobana and Denise Mupfasoni and Josh Ruxin and Alan Fenwick and Thierry Nyatanyi and Corine Karema and Tharcisse Munyaneza and Katja Polman},
      title = {Nkombo Island: The Most Important Schistosomiasis mansoni Focus in Rwanda},
      journal = {American Journal of Life Sciences},
      volume = {3},
      number = {1},
      pages = {27-31},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20150301.16},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.20150301.16},
      abstract = {In Rwanda, the initial school-based mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections was completed in 2008. Despite the classification of low endemicity of intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni) in Rusizi district, the Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) programme has received warnings two years after the mapping on high infection level on Nkombo Island located in this district. This study aims to report on prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in an area which was the last to be investigated in Rwanda and provide some critics on current mapping guidelines. The study was done in January 2011 with a sample of 311 schoolchildren aged 10-19 years. Stool screening was performed by Kato-Katz technique. Overall prevalence of S. mansoni was found to be 62.1% (95%CI: 56.4-67.5), ranging from 28.6% (95%CI: 19.2-39.5) to 77.9% (95%CI: 67.0-86.6) across the schools. The prevalence of S. mansoni among the schoolchildren of Nkombo Island was found to be the highest in Rwanda. These findings confirm the extreme focality of schistosomiasis and the fact that the current mapping guidelines are likely to miss some hotspots. For the validation of schistosomiasis distribution at country level, there is need for new innovative mapping methodology that can provide to control programmes more accurate data for planning and undertaking control interventions at the district and the lowest implementation levels. When mapping units have to be designed they should give more priority to areas surrounding perennial water bodies that are considered high-risk zones.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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    T1  - Nkombo Island: The Most Important Schistosomiasis mansoni Focus in Rwanda
    AU  - Eugene Ruberanziza
    AU  - Michée Kabera
    AU  - Giuseppina Ortu
    AU  - Kirezi Kanobana
    AU  - Denise Mupfasoni
    AU  - Josh Ruxin
    AU  - Alan Fenwick
    AU  - Thierry Nyatanyi
    AU  - Corine Karema
    AU  - Tharcisse Munyaneza
    AU  - Katja Polman
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    T2  - American Journal of Life Sciences
    JF  - American Journal of Life Sciences
    JO  - American Journal of Life Sciences
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    EP  - 31
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
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    AB  - In Rwanda, the initial school-based mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections was completed in 2008. Despite the classification of low endemicity of intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni) in Rusizi district, the Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) programme has received warnings two years after the mapping on high infection level on Nkombo Island located in this district. This study aims to report on prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in an area which was the last to be investigated in Rwanda and provide some critics on current mapping guidelines. The study was done in January 2011 with a sample of 311 schoolchildren aged 10-19 years. Stool screening was performed by Kato-Katz technique. Overall prevalence of S. mansoni was found to be 62.1% (95%CI: 56.4-67.5), ranging from 28.6% (95%CI: 19.2-39.5) to 77.9% (95%CI: 67.0-86.6) across the schools. The prevalence of S. mansoni among the schoolchildren of Nkombo Island was found to be the highest in Rwanda. These findings confirm the extreme focality of schistosomiasis and the fact that the current mapping guidelines are likely to miss some hotspots. For the validation of schistosomiasis distribution at country level, there is need for new innovative mapping methodology that can provide to control programmes more accurate data for planning and undertaking control interventions at the district and the lowest implementation levels. When mapping units have to be designed they should give more priority to areas surrounding perennial water bodies that are considered high-risk zones.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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