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Psychiatric Disorders and Amphetamine Dependency - A Comparative-Analytical Study
Seyyed Mohammad Moosavi,
Mahshid Ahmadi,
Mani B. Monajemi,
Jamshid Yazdani
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
104-107
Received:
22 July 2015
Accepted:
12 September 2015
Published:
22 September 2015
Abstract: Objective: With respect to prevalence of amphetamine dependency and its uprising trend comparing to other substances and due to lack of studies in this field; this study was conducted. Materials and Methods: This comparative- analytical study was conducted between 2012-2014 in a psychiatric Hospital (Sari, Iran) in order to assess the correlation between psychiatric disorders and amphetamine (Ice and Crystal) dependency. One hundred men between 20-50 years old with dependency (case group) and one hundred men with no history of amphetamine dependency (control group) were selected. Data obtained through structured psychiatric interview and anonymous demographic questionnaire and analyzed via Chi-Square and SPSS19. Results: Mean age of case group was noticeably lower than control. Meaningful differences between case and control groups were observed with respect to type of psychiatric disorders. Difference in educational level between two groups was meaningful. [Case-group had lower levels of education (p<0.01)]. Discussion: A lot of studies have been conducted regarding substance dependency but most of them are about opioids and few studies have been conducted regarding amphetamine spectrum substances such as Ice and Crystal. Among studies which have been conducted in area of Amphetamine dependency, most of them have focused on psychosis solely or psychiatric symptoms such as Anhedonia. Novel point of this study is that it focuses on wider range of psychiatric disorders with notifying factors such as educational level, age, gender and marital status.
Abstract: Objective: With respect to prevalence of amphetamine dependency and its uprising trend comparing to other substances and due to lack of studies in this field; this study was conducted. Materials and Methods: This comparative- analytical study was conducted between 2012-2014 in a psychiatric Hospital (Sari, Iran) in order to assess the correlation b...
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Treatment of Bruxism with Trihexiphenidyl, a Case Series
Seyyed Mohammad Moosavi,
Javad Setareh,
Mahshid Ahmadi,
Mani B. Monajemi,
Soudabeh Shafiee Ardestani
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
108-110
Received:
22 July 2015
Accepted:
22 September 2015
Published:
23 October 2015
Abstract: Bruxism is a sleep related movement disorder defined by repetitive jaw muscle activity that causes clenching or grinding of the teeth. Bruxism can lead to teeth and jaw damage and disturbs sleeping process. Although gastro-esophageal reflux, smoking and disturbances in CNS dopaminergic system implicated in etiology of bruxism but no clear etiology is defined. There are plenty of treatments were used for these patients included biofeedback, hypnosis, occlusal splints, beside drugs. Pharmacological treatments such as Clonidine, Clonazepam, Hydroxizine, Sodium valproate, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) sometimes induce bruxism. Case reports showed that SSRIs induced bruxism resolved by Buspirone but tricyclic antidepressants were not supported to be effective treatment for bruxism in papers. It is hypothesized that the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia are involved in the coordination of movements is disturbed in bruxer like in Parkinson disease. Based on these facts we had thought Trihexyphenidyl may be effective in resistant patients. This study describes 4 patients whom suffered from bruxism which resisted to usual treatments. Trihexiphenidyl (Artane) an anticholinergic drug reduced symptoms in all cases. Anticholinergic drugs can be considered for treating bruxism. Both night and day types of bruxism, as a movement disorder was relieved in response to Thp, probably due to anticholinergic effects in basal ganglia. These isolated cases could not be generalized. Further placebo controlled clinical trials are needed to evaluate and proof the efficacy of anticholinergic drugs such as Thp for treating of bruxism.
Abstract: Bruxism is a sleep related movement disorder defined by repetitive jaw muscle activity that causes clenching or grinding of the teeth. Bruxism can lead to teeth and jaw damage and disturbs sleeping process. Although gastro-esophageal reflux, smoking and disturbances in CNS dopaminergic system implicated in etiology of bruxism but no clear etiology ...
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Psychotropic Medication Use in Children and Adolescents with Mental Retardation (MR)
Seyhan Temtek,
Ozden Sukran Uneri,
Zeynep Goker,
Gulser Dinc,
Ozlem Hekim
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
111-115
Received:
29 September 2015
Accepted:
21 October 2015
Published:
30 October 2015
Abstract: Background: The aim of this study was to assess the medication use in children and adolescents with mental retardation (MR) retrospectively in a cross-sectional study. Method: Between June and December 2013, records of the children and adolescents admitted by our policlinic were retrospectively evaluated and those who had MR diagnosis were analyzed. Results: Male sex was found as statistically related to the presence of psychiatric comorbidity and the pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). At least one medical diagnosis accompanying with MR was found in 49.7% (n=781) of all patients. 79.6% (n=1252) of all patients did not use any medication, 16.7% (n=262) of all sample were using one medication agent, 3.5% (n=55) of patients were using combined pharmacotherapy. The predictors of psychotropic medication were the following: the presence of comorbid any of psychiatric disorders, having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), having conduct disorders (CD) and having anxiety disorders. Conclusions and Recommendations: This study has a descriptive nature of the children with MR admitted to the child psychiatry department. It was noticed that psychotropic agent use is preferable if there is a comorbid situation in mental retardation. There is a need for further studies with prospectively planned, multi-central with larger sampling in our country to draw up a way of health policies related to the children with MR.
Abstract: Background: The aim of this study was to assess the medication use in children and adolescents with mental retardation (MR) retrospectively in a cross-sectional study. Method: Between June and December 2013, records of the children and adolescents admitted by our policlinic were retrospectively evaluated and those who had MR diagnosis were analyzed...
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Perception, Attitude and Associated Factors on Schizophrenia and Depression Among Residents of Hawassa City, South Ethiopia, Cross Sectional Study
Getinet Ayano,
Melkamu Agidew,
Bereket Duko,
Haregwoin Mulat,
Melkamu Alemayew
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
116-124
Received:
8 November 2015
Accepted:
18 November 2015
Published:
18 December 2015
Abstract: Introduction: mental disorders including schizophrenia and depression are becoming one of the public health problems in Ethiopia. However, little is known about perception, and attitude of the public regarding schizophrenia and depression. The main aim of this study was to assess perception, attitude and associated factors of schizophrenia and depression among residents of Hawassa city, southern Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Hawassa city, May 2014. Participants were selected by using multistage sampling method. The study participants were allocated to the selected kebeles (villages) proportionally to their estimated number of households. Data was collected by using structured, pre-tested and interviewer administered questionnaire. The data entry, clearance and analysis were carried out using SPSS version20 statistical software package. Results: Among respondents 66.5% and 56% of respondents have good perception about schizophrenia and poor perception on depression respectively. About 62.7% of respondents have negative attitude towards schizophrenia, but the attitude of majority of the respondents (75.8%) for major depressive disorders is positive. When it was adjusted for potential confounders, Age [AOR=4.79, 95%CI=(2.13-10.77)], income [AOR= 3.41, CI=(2.12-5.50)], getting information from mass media [AOR=1.38, CI=(1.11-2.07)] & information from religious institutions [AOR=0.44, CI=(0.285-0.68)] have statistically significant association with perception on schizophrenia. Age [AOR=3.12, 95%CI= (2.08-4.68)] and educational level [AOR= 2.34, CI= (1.71-5.02)] have statistically significant association with perception on depression. Income [AOR= 4.54, CI= (2.25-9.15)], source of information from health institution [AOR=1.69, CI= (1.03-2.76)] and perception [AOR= 3.05, CI= (2.15-4.34)] have statistically significant association with attitude towards schizophrenia. Educational level [AOR= 1.71, CI= (1.08-2.71)] and perception [AOR= 2.27, CI= (1.57-3.27)] have statistically significant association with attitude towards depression. Conclusion: Age, educational level, Income and source of information’s for perception and educational level, income, source of information and perception for attitude found to be significant predictors. Educating people about schizophrenia and depression by using mass media and health institutions and working with religious institutions is vital.
Abstract: Introduction: mental disorders including schizophrenia and depression are becoming one of the public health problems in Ethiopia. However, little is known about perception, and attitude of the public regarding schizophrenia and depression. The main aim of this study was to assess perception, attitude and associated factors of schizophrenia and depr...
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Free-Drawing from Memory in Constructional Apraxia: A Case Series
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
125-141
Received:
19 November 2015
Accepted:
3 December 2015
Published:
22 December 2015
Abstract: Constructional apraxia is a neuropsychological and neurological impairment in activities such as building, assembling, and drawing. In this study data is presented on the performance of left and right hemisphere single focal stroke lesion participants on drawing tasks of houses, trees, and persons. Forty-one participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery including the house-tree-person drawing task. The drawings were then rated as exhibiting signs of neurological impairment or non-impairment by three evaluators without knowledge of the medical condition of the patient. There was 72% agreement between the three evaluators of the 123 drawings. Both an analysis of variance and case series analysis was used to examine the data. Patterns of concordance with a previously outlined detailed neuropsychological model of constructional apraxia were found and the implications of the results are analyzed in the context of the current neuropsychological literature.
Abstract: Constructional apraxia is a neuropsychological and neurological impairment in activities such as building, assembling, and drawing. In this study data is presented on the performance of left and right hemisphere single focal stroke lesion participants on drawing tasks of houses, trees, and persons. Forty-one participants completed a comprehensive n...
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Socio-Demographic and Clinical Determinants of Psychiatric Co-Morbidity in Persons with Essential Hypertension in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Nkporbu Aborlo Kennedy,
Eze George,
Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
142-153
Received:
24 December 2015
Accepted:
13 January 2016
Published:
29 January 2016
Abstract: The prevalence of essential hypertension has continued to increase worldwide and its consequences have remained a growing concern. A number of socio-demorgrahic and clinical variables may however serve as key determinants of the extent to which it is associated with psychiatric comorbidity. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the socio-demorgraphic and clinical factors that may influence the level of psychiatric co-morbidity associated with persons with essential hypertension attending the general out-patient clinic of the university of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). Following ethical approval from the appropriate committee of the hospital and informed consent from the participants, 360 subjects making up the study group were recruited based on the study’s inclusion and exclusion criteria. A pilot study was carried out. Subjects were further administered with the study’s instruments including the socio-demographic/clinical questionnaire, GHQ-12, and WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO CIDI). The socio-demographic/clinical questionnaire and GHQ-12 were self-administered while the WHO CIDI was based on interview by the researcher. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 16 statistical package. Confidence interval was set at 95% while P- value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study found a prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity of 64.4% among the hypertensives. Among the study group, there was no significant relationship between the presence of psychiatric co-morbidity and age class (p=0.350), gender (p=0.22), level of education (p=043), and occupation (p=0.82). Persons who were married were significantly more likely to have a psychiatric co-morbidity (p=0.001). Also, those who reacted with either ‘very sad’ or a ‘wish to die’ when they were informed of the diagnosis of the medical conditions (p=0.001), low income (p=0.001) and severity of B. P (p=0.001) were more likely to have psychiatric comorbidity (p=0.001). There was also no significant relationships between age of onset of illness (p=0.60), duration of illness (p=0.73), duration of treatment (p=0.82), and self stigma (p=0.15). The findings of this study support the impression that essential hypertension is a chronic debilitating illness, associated with psychiatric co-morbidity, that are largely significantly influenced by a number of socio-demorgraphic and clinical factors. The results support the call that the management of patients with essential hypertension should include attention to not only their mental health status, but also the psychosocial and other clinical factors they may present with in order to enhance the quality of care.
Abstract: The prevalence of essential hypertension has continued to increase worldwide and its consequences have remained a growing concern. A number of socio-demorgrahic and clinical variables may however serve as key determinants of the extent to which it is associated with psychiatric comorbidity. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the soc...
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Psychiatric Comorbidity and Quality of Life in Persons with Diabetes Melitus and People Living With Hiv (Plwhiv) in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Nkporbu Aborlo Kennedy,
Korubo Ibitrokoemi Faye,
Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
154-164
Received:
24 December 2015
Accepted:
13 January 2016
Published:
1 February 2016
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus and HIV are two chronic medical diseases associated with psychiatric comorbidity, which further affect the quality of life of the sufferers. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine and compare the relationship between psychiatric comorbidity and quality of life in persons with diabetes mellitus and PLWHIV. Following ethical approval from the appropriate committee of the hospital and informed consent from the participants, 230 subjects living with HIV and 120 subjects with diabetesmelitus were recruited based on the study’s inclusion and exclusion criteria. This was after a pilot study. Subjects were further administered with the study’s instruments including the socio-demographic questionnaire, GHQ-12, the brief version of the WHO Quality of Life instrument (WHOQOL-Bref) and WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO CIDI). The socio-demographic questionnaire, GHQ-12 and WHOQOL-Bref were self-administered while the WHO CIDI was based on interview by the researcher. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20 statistical package. Confidence interval was set at 95% while P- value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study found a prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity of 17.3% among PLWHIV. For PLWHIV, domain scores quality of life were as follows; 60.71±15.57, 62.34±26.32, 61.57±25.04, 55.15±14.00 and 65.81±21.84 for physical, psychological, social relationship, environment domains and general health facet respectively. For persons with diabetes mellitus, domain scores quality of life were as follows; 51.97+ 14.671, 56.20+ 22.186, 57.51 + 26.13, 52.01+ 16.91and 48.34 + 22.44for physical, psychological, social relationship, environment domains and general health facet respectively. Furthermore, presence of psychiatric comorbidity significantly inversely correlated with quality of life among persons with both medical diseases. The findings in this study indicate diabetis mellitus and HIV infection are both chronic debilitating illnesses, associated with psychiatric co-morbidity, which significantly inversely correlated with quality of life of the sufferers. The results indicate that the management of both medical conditions should include attention to their mental health status and subjective quality of life of these patients in order to enhance the quality of care.
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus and HIV are two chronic medical diseases associated with psychiatric comorbidity, which further affect the quality of life of the sufferers. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine and compare the relationship between psychiatric comorbidity and quality of life in persons with diabetes mellitus and PLWHIV. Following eth...
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