Heavy Metals Distribution in Water, Particulate and Sediment of El-Mex Bay, Alexandria, Egypt
Mohamed A. Okbah,
Mamdouh S. Masoud,
Gehan M. El Zokm,
Alyaa A. Abd El-Salam
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
1-12
Received:
20 October 2016
Accepted:
2 November 2016
Published:
25 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.11
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Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the distribution of the heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn and Cd) between dissolved and particulate form; as well as, in the sediment of El-Mex Bay. Surface and bottom water samples were collected seasonally during the period from September (summer) 2012 to April (spring) 2013. The sediment samples were collected once from all the selected stations in summer 2012. The metals content in the sediments decreased in the order of Fe > Mn >Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. The measured heavy metal content varied greatly as follows: Fe, 1449-8625 μgg−1 with an average of 4082 ± 188 μgg−1; Mn, 165.08-865.92 μgg−1 with an average of 315.6 ± 178μgg−1; Cu, 5.67- 48.17 μgg−1 with an average of 26.04 ± 19μgg−1; Zn, 17.50- 138.75 μgg−1 with an average of 57.07 ± 130μgg−1; Pb, 7.17- 87.50μgg−1 with an average of 26.81 ± 54μgg−1; Cd, 0.08-1.50 μgg−1 with an average of 0.54 ± 1.05μgg−1. Metal Pollution Index ranged from 24.82 to 92.65 with an average 64. It can be indicated that stations II and VII suffered from metal pollutions with values of 92.56 and 87.23, The Enrichment Factor (EF) of heavy metals of El-Mex Bay sediments can be arranged as the following, EFCd >EFPb >EFCu > EFMn > EFZn. The difference in EF values due to the difference in the magnitude of input for each metal in the sediment. To evaluate water quality index, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. According to PCA data, Station I and III could be considered as hot spots.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the distribution of the heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn and Cd) between dissolved and particulate form; as well as, in the sediment of El-Mex Bay. Surface and bottom water samples were collected seasonally during the period from September (summer) 2012 to April (spring) 2013. The sediment samples were collecte...
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Paper Consumption and Environmental Impact in an Emerging Economy
Mukete Beckline,
Sun Yujun,
Zama Eric,
Monono Samuel Kato
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
13-18
Received:
27 October 2016
Accepted:
8 November 2016
Published:
2 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.12
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Abstract: Some 25 years ago, it was thought that the use of paper would decrease with increasing digital technology but it has rather increased through the printing of emails, web pages and reports. In addition, the use of paper for packaging, facial and toilet tissue products as well as newspapers, shows how important paper usage has become. Emerging economies like Cameroon, rely on imported and locally produced paper and paper products with no available paper recycling opportunities leading to significant discernible environmental impacts such as pollution, increased deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions. This study used a life cycle analysis (LCA) to ascertain paper consumption and its ensuing environmental impacts in Buea District of south west Cameroon. It observed that, over 1087919kg of paper are consumed annually. The study concluded that, the digitalization of government and para-public services is necessary to curb this upsurge of paper use as well as reduce the resulting environmental impact.
Abstract: Some 25 years ago, it was thought that the use of paper would decrease with increasing digital technology but it has rather increased through the printing of emails, web pages and reports. In addition, the use of paper for packaging, facial and toilet tissue products as well as newspapers, shows how important paper usage has become. Emerging econom...
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The Impact of the Bark of Camel’s Foot (Piliostigmathonningii) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizate
Michael Ifeanyichukwu Ugbaja,
Kevin Ibe Ejiogu,
James Datoegoem Dashe
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
19-23
Received:
21 October 2016
Accepted:
12 November 2016
Published:
16 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.jeece.20160101.13
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Abstract: A study on the impact of the bark camel’s foot “Piliostigmathonningii” on the physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizate when used as filler has been carried out. Laboratory scale two roll mill was used to compound five different formulations of the natural rubber and the camel’s foot bark filler according to the following ratios in grams: 100/0, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, and 40/60 respectively. From the compounded formulations; test samples were prepared using the laboratory scale hydraulic press machine. Each prepared composite sample was tested for tensile-strength, elongation at break, hardness, abrasion and compression properties, and the result obtained showed that the tensile strength of the vulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading up till 50% of the natural rubber content but decreased when the filler is beyond that. The elongation at break decreased with the control sample having the highest elongation. The hardness of thevulcanizate increased with increase in filler loading. The abrasion resistance did not follow any consistent trend in particular. The compression-set was found to be decreasing with increase in filler loading.
Abstract: A study on the impact of the bark camel’s foot “Piliostigmathonningii” on the physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizate when used as filler has been carried out. Laboratory scale two roll mill was used to compound five different formulations of the natural rubber and the camel’s foot bark filler according to the following ratios i...
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