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Disinfecting Water: Electrocoagulation as an Efficient Process
Djamel Ghernaout,
Mabrouk Touahmia,
Mohamed Aichouni
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
1-12
Received:
14 December 2018
Accepted:
28 December 2018
Published:
24 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190301.11
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Abstract: Electrocoagulation (EC) process has been largely found efficient in terms of pathogens removal. This literature review focuses on describing the key killing microorganisms' pathway followed throughout the EC technique. The pathogens removal route using EC is deeply assessed following the practical experimentation realized during these last years. Physical elimination and chemical deactivation pathways are suggested for bacteria reduction procedure throughout the EC method employing Fe/Al anodes: (1) entrapping pathogens in flocs, (2) destabilizing negatively charged microbes through sweep flocculation, and (3) demobilizing bacteria cell envelopes upon electrochemically formed reactive oxygen species or direct impact of the electric field. Finally, deepest investigation works on microbes’ removal through EC are more called to promote the industrial applications of this performant technology.
Abstract: Electrocoagulation (EC) process has been largely found efficient in terms of pathogens removal. This literature review focuses on describing the key killing microorganisms' pathway followed throughout the EC technique. The pathogens removal route using EC is deeply assessed following the practical experimentation realized during these last years. P...
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Microorganisms’ Killing: Chemical Disinfection vs. Electrodisinfection
Djamel Ghernaout,
Abdulaziz Alghamdi,
Badiaa Ghernaout
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
13-19
Received:
9 January 2019
Accepted:
16 February 2019
Published:
5 March 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190301.12
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Abstract: Chlorination is the most used technique of killing microorganisms’ in water through the potable water industry. Some outbreaks of water born disease, the definition of chlorine as a source of greatly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs), and the appearance of recalcitrant microbes have conducted to revised regulation for the elimination of microorganisms and DBPs from potable water. Therefore, researching new disinfection techniques has been developed. Electrochemical disinfection or electrodisinfection (ED) has appeared as one of the more valuable alternatives to chlorination. Research employing a range of cell designs has illustrated ED to be efficient towards an interval of microbes. Nevertheless, in several cases, killing pathogens’ performance seems to be linked to the production of chlorine species. The obvious dominance of chlorine in the form of the pathway of killing microbes’ emerges the interrogation if ED is really more beneficial than chlorination in a matter of its demobilization performance and risk to generate DBPs. Convenient ED devices must be designed and monitored sophistically since the present state of non-monitored use of ED devices is not favorable in terms of hygienic and health risks considerations. Great works remain to be performed.
Abstract: Chlorination is the most used technique of killing microorganisms’ in water through the potable water industry. Some outbreaks of water born disease, the definition of chlorine as a source of greatly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs), and the appearance of recalcitrant microbes have conducted to revised regulation for the elimination of microor...
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Probabilistic Determination of Substation Communication Network Reliability Parameters
Jackson Esabu,
Samuel Amaechi Ike
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
20-26
Received:
20 January 2019
Accepted:
19 March 2019
Published:
6 May 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190301.13
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Abstract: Substation communication network consists of networking devices whose reliability is becoming one of the most prioritized by utility asset owners owing to the critical functions (that is power grid real time monitoring and control operations) perform by the substation communication network. This paper focused on the use of probabilistic approach to determine substation communication network reliability using statistical analysis, randomly derived statistical data, reliability theory and computing techniques. The paper also focused on the use of network nodes reduction technique to test the communication network redundancy. The findings of this paper are aimed at using networking device derived failure rate data to determine communication network reliability at the defined end of life of the network, and also to estimate the of Mean Time To Failure of the derived communication network. The result of this research has demonstrated that probabilistic approach can be use to successfully analysis and determine the reliability of a communication network within the defined network service (i.e. operational) life.
Abstract: Substation communication network consists of networking devices whose reliability is becoming one of the most prioritized by utility asset owners owing to the critical functions (that is power grid real time monitoring and control operations) perform by the substation communication network. This paper focused on the use of probabilistic approach to...
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Short Communication Greening Electrocoagulation Process for Disinfecting Water
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
27-31
Received:
27 April 2019
Accepted:
29 May 2019
Published:
12 June 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190301.14
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Abstract: Electrocoagulation (EC) process is an efficient method for treating water especially in terms of killing pathogens. This paper discusses some tools to promote the large industrial usage of EC as a green technology. Concerning EC process design, the focus should be accorded to intensify the EC device in terms of residence time and close contact opportunities between water pollutants and electrodes area. The laminar vs. turbulent regime should be given more interests to better increase the metallic cations liberation from the anode and avoid or reduce the passivation of the electrodes. Evolution of hydrogen form cathode and oxygen from anode should be well optimized; at the same time, chlorine emanation from anode should be avoided or decreased to avoid disinfection by-products generation. Moreover, increasing the water temperature using solar energy heating would enhance the EC process efficiency technically, energetically, and economically. The heated EC process combines EC with distillation (or its similar version, even if at low temperature between 20-100°C) or membrane distillation using solar radiation. Finally, the EC method remains promising vis-à-vis pathogens’ removal and water treatment in a general manner.
Abstract: Electrocoagulation (EC) process is an efficient method for treating water especially in terms of killing pathogens. This paper discusses some tools to promote the large industrial usage of EC as a green technology. Concerning EC process design, the focus should be accorded to intensify the EC device in terms of residence time and close contact oppo...
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Aeration Process for Removing Radon from Drinking Water – A Review
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
32-45
Received:
27 April 2019
Accepted:
29 May 2019
Published:
12 June 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190301.15
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Abstract: This paper presents information on various radon elimination techniques and presents knowledge on anticipated elimination performances following literature. The technologies assessed in this review comprise different aeration techniques and granular activated carbon (GAC) as tools to eliminate and decrease radon in potable water. Because radon does not bound to water molecules, it is not dissolved. Radon’s low solubility and its elevated vapor pressure imply that it strongly partitions into the air through diffusion. For the reason that it readily diffuses from water to air, radon is scarcely observed in surface waters and is firstly trouble in groundwater and radon is easily removed through aeration processes. Aeration transmits the radon pollution from water to air, so precautions should be taken to avoid such air contamination hazards. Aeration is not sufficient for removing radon from drinking water; it should be supported by adsorption method. Air is mainly composed of nitrogen (N2(gas), ~80%) and oxygen (O2(g), ~20%). N2 is hydrophilic and O2 is hydrophobic. Injecting pure O2 into water would be more efficient than air (i.e., N2 + O2) in removing radon from water, thanks to its hydrophobicity. At the opposite extreme, injecting pure N2 would be less performant, due to its hydrophilicity. Research should be made on this direction.
Abstract: This paper presents information on various radon elimination techniques and presents knowledge on anticipated elimination performances following literature. The technologies assessed in this review comprise different aeration techniques and granular activated carbon (GAC) as tools to eliminate and decrease radon in potable water. Because radon does...
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Reviviscence of Biological Wastewater Treatment – A Review
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
46-55
Received:
6 May 2019
Accepted:
3 June 2019
Published:
12 June 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190301.16
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Abstract: Biological treatment remains one of the most eco-friendly and cost-effective techniques to eliminate pollutants from wastewater in spite of the development of other technologies such as chemical treatment methods and advanced oxidation processes. This paper discusses briefly the main features and recent advances of wastewater treatment (WT). Some future trends are also viewed. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR), Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR), and Fixed Bed Bioreactors (FBBR) are largely employed techniques in WT particularly for industrial uses with an elevated biochemical oxygen demand charge like food and beverages, dairy, chemical, leachate and others. Integrations of minutely anaerobic and aerobic methods importantly improved the elimination of specific and non-specific in vitro toxicities. Therefore, optimizing biological WT may conduct to a considerably ameliorated detoxification. Surplus sludge treatment and disposal are regarded as an increasing defy for wastewater treatment plants (WTTPs) because of economic, environmental and regulatory elements. There is thus a fundamental need in expanding procedures for decreasing sludge generation in biological WT processes. Great attention for minimizing sludge formation occurs following procedures founded on mechanisms of lysis-cryptic growth, uncoupling metabolism, maintenance metabolism, and bacterivorous predation. On the other hand, heavy metals presence in wastewater still constitute a handicap for large acceptance of this technology based on cultivating bacteria for organic matter removal.
Abstract: Biological treatment remains one of the most eco-friendly and cost-effective techniques to eliminate pollutants from wastewater in spite of the development of other technologies such as chemical treatment methods and advanced oxidation processes. This paper discusses briefly the main features and recent advances of wastewater treatment (WT). Some f...
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Physicochemical and Algal Study of Three Dams (Algeria) and Removal of Microalgae by Enhanced Coagulation
Yassamine Kellali,
Djamel Ghernaout
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
56-64
Received:
9 May 2019
Accepted:
5 June 2019
Published:
20 June 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190301.17
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Abstract: The Boukerdène, Lakhel and Ghrib Dams, located in northern Algeria, are used for both drinking water supply and irrigation. Microalgae (MA) and phytoplankton are able to proliferate when environmental conditions are favorable. These phases of proliferation can have harmful consequences on the functioning of aquatic ecosystems but also on their use. The objective of this work is to acquire a better knowledge on the proliferation of these MA in these three Dams, to describe and quantify their species, as well as to study their impact on a physicochemical treatment, namely conventional coagulation and enhanced coagulation. In addition, a physicochemical study is developed to assess the water quality of these Dams. Laboratory analyses have shown that the levels of MA in these waters are high, and jar tests have proven that the application of enhanced coagulation under controlled conditions (coagulant dose, acidification of the medium) leads to better performance compared to conventional coagulation. Enhanced coagulation is not fully effective in removing micropollutants and needs always to be aided by additional treatment technologies, such as ozonation and activated carbon adsorption. The SEM analysis carried out clearly shows the changes that took place in the morphology of the collected flocs thus binding the AM debris. As a perspective, the future studies have to focus on other physicochemical parameters such as alkalinity.
Abstract: The Boukerdène, Lakhel and Ghrib Dams, located in northern Algeria, are used for both drinking water supply and irrigation. Microalgae (MA) and phytoplankton are able to proliferate when environmental conditions are favorable. These phases of proliferation can have harmful consequences on the functioning of aquatic ecosystems but also on their use....
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Wake-Up RF Communication Node Design and Use for Communal Living and Emergency Alert in Remote Areas of Developing Countries
Pierre Tsafack,
Jean Kamdem,
Bruno Allard
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
65-70
Received:
18 May 2019
Accepted:
18 June 2019
Published:
2 July 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20190301.18
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Abstract: We proposed in this paper a free communication system for restoring a communal living and a minimum autonomy of operating in remote areas of developing countries. This system also intends to restore the return to local values, to strengthen the links between the populations, and to facilitate communication during epidemic or arm robber’s attacks in remote localities of developing countries; it also helps in a follow up of old people. Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components are used for global system nodes design. A covered area of 260m is reached and can be extended with dedicated additional antenna.
Abstract: We proposed in this paper a free communication system for restoring a communal living and a minimum autonomy of operating in remote areas of developing countries. This system also intends to restore the return to local values, to strengthen the links between the populations, and to facilitate communication during epidemic or arm robber’s attacks in...
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