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Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and HIV Co-Infection Among Pregnant Women in Jigawa State
Amoo Florence Kemi,
Sani Nura Muhammad,
Gumel Ahmad Muhammad,
Eze Lovelyn Chinyere,
Nafisat Baita,
Mukhtar Sa’adatu Ismail,
Dauda Hauwa Sani
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2020
Pages:
1-6
Received:
11 December 2019
Accepted:
25 December 2019
Published:
8 January 2020
Abstract: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections Worldwide. It facilitates the acquisition of HIV and is the primary cause of genital herpes which when acquired by women during pregnancy account for half of the mobidity and mortality among neonates. Lifelong latent HSV-2 infection raises concern among women of reproductive age considering the risk of neonatal transmission. In Nigeria screening for HSV-2 and co-infection with HIV in antenatal clinics is not routinely done. A cross-sectional study, was carried out among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in four hospitals in Jigawa state. A total of 300 consenting pregnant women were enrolled, the study involved collection of sociodemographic data and laboratory determination of HSV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and HIV seroprevalence using WHO standard procedure of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test kit (DIAPRO Diagnostic Bioprobes, Milano, Italy), UNI-GOLD Wicklow, Ireland and ALERE Determine, respectively. Statistical significance was determined at p<0.05Of the 300 samples tested, overall seroprevalence of 55 (18.3%) and 44 (14.7%) for HSV-2 and HIV were recorded. The HSV-2 and HIV Co-infection rate was 16 (5.3%) among respondent. About 87.5% of the co-infection occurred in respondents that were in their 2nd Trimester. Addionally, co-infection was found to be high among respondents between the age of 15-34yrs with 81.3%. In this study, education status, parity, stage of pregnancy, occupation, History of blood transfusion had no statistical significance with HSV-2 and HIV co-infection (p>0.05). This study has demonstrated the existence and risk of neonatal herpes in the study area. It is recommended that HSV testing should be placed among the standard medical checkup tests in the area, again advocacy and public awareness on the potential public health burden of HSV-2 and HIV co-infection should be observed.
Abstract: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections Worldwide. It facilitates the acquisition of HIV and is the primary cause of genital herpes which when acquired by women during pregnancy account for half of the mobidity and mortality among neonates. Lifelong latent HSV-2 infection raises conce...
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Enhanced FAD Production in Eremothecium ashbyi with Statistically Optimized Oxidative Stress Modulators
Manan Vipulbhai Patel,
Chandra Sainathan
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2020
Pages:
7-15
Received:
12 December 2019
Accepted:
27 December 2019
Published:
31 January 2020
Abstract: Riboflavin (vitamin B2) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are valuable biological flavins mainly used as animal feed supplement and in pharmaceutical formulation. Eremothecium ashbyi is a natural overproducer of FAD along with riboflavin. Flavins overproduction was found to be strongly correlated with stress induction but stress response in E.ashbyi is completely unexplored. Hence, in the present study, flavins production in presence of four oxidative stress modulators (menadione, vitamin E, cAMP, H2O2) was investigated. Their levels were statistically optimized to maximize the flavins production. The regression model obtained from Central Composite Design indicated that maximum flavins production occurred when 1.09 µM menadione and 1.12 µM vitamin E were supplemented to 24-hour grown fungus. Upon supplementation, total flavins production was significantly increased by 1.34-fold and FAD production was increased by 2.18-fold over untreated control. Intracellular – reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was increased and reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio was decreased indicating oxidative burst experienced by the cell. Furthermore, a concomitant increase in specific activity of glutathione reductase and FAD synthetase was observed. For the first time this study showed that among flavins, FAD was majorly increased along with FAD synthetase activity as a response to oxidative stress. These results indicated that the oxidative stress and flavins overproduction was centered on FAD regulation.
Abstract: Riboflavin (vitamin B2) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are valuable biological flavins mainly used as animal feed supplement and in pharmaceutical formulation. Eremothecium ashbyi is a natural overproducer of FAD along with riboflavin. Flavins overproduction was found to be strongly correlated with stress induction but stress response in E.a...
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Reliability of in silico Modeling Based on Restriction Patterns for the Study of the Carotenogenic Gene pds of Haematococcus sp
Bryan Pillacela,
Janeth Galarza,
Carolina Tufiño
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2020
Pages:
16-21
Received:
22 December 2019
Accepted:
17 January 2020
Published:
31 January 2020
Abstract: Phytoeno desaturase (pds gene) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids such as β-carotene and astaxanthin in microalgae and some autotrophic organisms. Carotenoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Prior to biotechnological studies it is necessary to carry out the integral analysis of this carotenogenic gene and its molecules for future industrial applications. In silico modeling is an important bioinformatics tool that allows to adjust, summarize and organize experimental information, test theories and generally understand the interaction of molecules and biological systems. In this work, specific primers were used to amplify the phytoene desaturase (pds) gene of Haematococcus sp. (PM015). NEBcutter V2.0 and BioEdit provided the simulation design of the pds restriction patterns together with the restriction enzymes FsPI, AlwI, HincII, BlpI and MluCI. The amplification product resulted in two fragments one of 1200 bp and one of 1700 bp. The in silico design was reproduced and tested experimentally, in this way the identification of the pds gene of Haematococcus sp. (PM015) and the effectiveness of bioinformatics programs as an important alternative for in silico modeling of molecules and/or biological systems, which mapping predict reliable results, saving time and reducing costs in the experimental stage, in addition to allowing the selection of restriction enzymes with optimal enzymatic activity to digest DNA.
Abstract: Phytoeno desaturase (pds gene) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids such as β-carotene and astaxanthin in microalgae and some autotrophic organisms. Carotenoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Prior to biotechnological studies it is necessary to carry out the integral analysis of this carote...
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Phytochemistry, GC-MS Analysis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potentials of Limonene Isolated from Pericarp of Citrus sinensis
James Hamuel Doughari,
Musa Jamila Bazza
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2020
Pages:
22-27
Received:
10 January 2020
Accepted:
27 January 2020
Published:
19 February 2020
Abstract: Limonene is essential oil isolated from pericarp of C. sinensis it is well known for its antimicrobial and antiseptic activities. Limonene has many medicinal properties and is widely used for the treatment of stomach aches, breast cancer, and as tonic for the digestive system, immune system and skin. It is also used to treat and prevent vitamin deficiencies, colds, flu, and typhoid fever, and to help fight viral and bacterial infections. The aim of this work was to determine the composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of limonene from pericarp of C. sinensis. Limonene from C. sinensis pericarps were extracted using steam distillation method. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of terpenoids and limonene in the extracts while GC/MS analysis showed highest percentage of limonene (96%). Result of antioxidant activity determination showed that limonene demonstrated strong scavenging activity (92.42%). Antimicrobial activity of the limonene extracts was evaluated by agar well method against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi while MIC and MBC were determined using the agar well dilution technique. Result showed that limonene extract exhibited an MIC of 200 mg/ml and MBC range of 300-400 mg/ml against all the isolates. The antibacterial effects of the extracts suggest their possible inclusion as candidate agents for development of chemotherapeutic agents against infection caused by the bacterial pathogen s tested.
Abstract: Limonene is essential oil isolated from pericarp of C. sinensis it is well known for its antimicrobial and antiseptic activities. Limonene has many medicinal properties and is widely used for the treatment of stomach aches, breast cancer, and as tonic for the digestive system, immune system and skin. It is also used to treat and prevent vitamin def...
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Isolation and Molecular Identification of Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacteria from Contaminated Soil in Mechanic Village Dutse, Jigawa State
Ringim Mahi Saidu,
Gumel Ahmad Mohammed,
Shiaka Gimba Peter
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2020
Pages:
28-33
Received:
26 January 2020
Accepted:
12 February 2020
Published:
19 February 2020
Abstract: The spillage of oil and other petroleum products have been a major source of environmental pollution globally. Rampant use of chemical remediation methods were shown to be noxious with detrimental consequences. Exploration of microbiodata for probable candidate to be utilized for degradation of oil spillage or contamination is of great interest. In this study, soil samples from 10 different mechanic workshops in mechanic village Dutse were collected as well as control sample from unpolluted hydrocarbon free soil at same site, bacterial species were isolated, identified using biochemical and molecular 16S rRNA gene sequencing and post sequencing analyses. Species enumerated were Bacillus cereaus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Paenibacillus alvei, The sequences were compared to closest relative species in the GenBank data base of National Centre for Biotechnology Information. However, the substrate used was engine oil and all the isolates were found to utilized the test substrate. Biodegradation studies have been carried out through Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Of all the isolates, Bacillus subtilis might be the most hydrocarbon degrading bacterial species due to high average relative abundance concentration of degraded hydrocarbon compound.
Abstract: The spillage of oil and other petroleum products have been a major source of environmental pollution globally. Rampant use of chemical remediation methods were shown to be noxious with detrimental consequences. Exploration of microbiodata for probable candidate to be utilized for degradation of oil spillage or contamination is of great interest. In...
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Quantification, Variability Assessment of Bacterial Pollution and Public Health Hazards Linked to Users of Automated Teller Machines in Ekpoma, Edo State-Nigeria
Osatohanmwen Osarenmwinda,
Omoike Ofure Blessing
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2020
Pages:
34-40
Received:
5 February 2020
Accepted:
21 February 2020
Published:
2 March 2020
Abstract: Raising number of mortals has used automated teller machines (ATMs) over the years, but little is known about their microbial colonization status. Based on this premise, we examined eight out of the nine commercial bank’s ATM in Ekpoma environs for quantification, variability assessment of the bacterial cross contamination and the likely health hazards linked to the users of such cash dispensing machines. A total number of sixteen (16) samples were acquired from eight different commercial banks ATM keypads and screens within the study area, using sterile swab sticks immersed in sterile normal saline. Samples were subsequently transferred to the laboratory section of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma for analyses using standard microbiological procedures for isolation, quantification and identification between the period of September to October 2019. Results showed that the total aerobic bacteria count, Staphylococcus aureus and coliforms counts on both the ATM keypads and Screens ranged from 9.0 × 103±2.65 cfu/m2 to 1.92 × 104±3.61 cfu/m2, 3.5 × 103±1.73 cfu/m2 to 9.8 × 103±4.58 cfu/m2 and 4.8 × 103±1.00 cfu/m2 to 1.08 × 104±2.00 cfu/m2 respectively. One-way Anova depicted a no significant difference (P ˃ 0.05) in the total aerobic bacterial plate count, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus counts in the various banks’ ATM keypads and screens in respectively of the facilities placement and the number of users. The bacteria implicated in this study were Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp, Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. The findings from this study reveals that high volume of bacterial pollution were detected on ATM hardware user interface which invariably necessitated the need for adequate personal hygiene by both the users and custodians of such machines with a view to reducing the likely hood of spreading contagious agents.
Abstract: Raising number of mortals has used automated teller machines (ATMs) over the years, but little is known about their microbial colonization status. Based on this premise, we examined eight out of the nine commercial bank’s ATM in Ekpoma environs for quantification, variability assessment of the bacterial cross contamination and the likely health haz...
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