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Research on EU Legal Regulation of Cross Border Flows of Personal Data and Its Enlightenment to China
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
30-38
Received:
20 February 2020
Accepted:
9 March 2020
Published:
23 April 2020
Abstract: With the development of economic globalization and information globalization, the cross border flow of personal data has brought some challenges to national security and the privacy of data subjects, so it is necessary to regulate it. This paper mainly studies the legal system of regulating the cross border flow of personal data in the European Union. The rules for cross border transmission of data in GDRP provide for the specific circumstances in which personal data are transmitted to third countries or international organizations within its territory, limiting, to a certain extent, the cross border flow of personal data while protecting personal data. It has a far-reaching influence on the construction of the relevant legal system in many countries and regions. In addition, the EU-U.S Privacy Shield Framework also provides a new way to regulate the cross border flow of personal data. Through the analysis of EU's legal rules on cross border flow of personal data, some suggestions are put forward for China to regulate in this field: firstly, the legislation on cross border flow of personal data should be perfected to enhance the operability of the law; Secondly, we can strengthen international cooperation and actively participate in the formulation of international rules for cross border flow of personal data.
Abstract: With the development of economic globalization and information globalization, the cross border flow of personal data has brought some challenges to national security and the privacy of data subjects, so it is necessary to regulate it. This paper mainly studies the legal system of regulating the cross border flow of personal data in the European Uni...
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A Kinetic Assay for Drug Discovery: Part 2, Sodium Sulfate
Kristel Crocker,
Jonie Deleon,
Lucy Telliyan,
Kevin Aprelian,
Aryeh Rosenberg,
Nikole Pouri,
Gerard Beltran,
Vivian Ramirez,
David Kaufman,
Arpineh Petrosyan,
Deanna Nazarian,
Monikajane Magistrado,
Suren Matinian,
Daniel Hanna,
Sera Eskandari,
Faisal Atanante,
Adees Nerses,
Greg Zem,
Steven Oppenheimer
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
39-42
Received:
31 March 2020
Accepted:
17 April 2020
Published:
30 April 2020
Abstract: Clumped cells are generally more dangerous than single cells in cancer spread, thrombocytosis and biofilm infectivity. Here a simple direct kinetic assay is used to examine a specific reagent for anti-clumping activity using a Prefer fixed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) model that has been recently described by us in detail using other reagents. In 1212 trials by 17 investigators sodium sulfate (1-3 mg per ml deionized water) was examined by measuring percentage single cells, number of clumps and number of cells per clump over a 60 min time course, with standard deviations and t-tests to determine any significant differences between controls and experimentals. Sodium sulfate showed sometimes inconsistent unclumping activity especially in magnitude of effects. When percentage of single cells increased, clump number and/or number of cells per clump generally decreased, helping to validate the assay. An example of these findings in 60 trials at 60 min with 1-3 mg sodium sulfate per ml deionized water: 1 mg 15% increased singles (p<0.01), 29% decreased clumps (p<0.01), 11% decreased cells per clump (p>0.05); 2 mg 12% increased singles (p<0.01), 20% decreased clumps (p<0.01), 30% decreased cells per clump (p<0.01); 3 mg 27% increased singles (p<0.01), 36% decreased clumps (p<0.01), 28% decreased cells per clump (p<0.02). Here sodium sulfate showed promise as an anti-cell-clumping reagent together with sodium citrate reported previously in part 1 of this study. Sodium citrate is a known human anticoagulant independently identified with this assay, helping to validate the assay for drug discovery applications.
Abstract: Clumped cells are generally more dangerous than single cells in cancer spread, thrombocytosis and biofilm infectivity. Here a simple direct kinetic assay is used to examine a specific reagent for anti-clumping activity using a Prefer fixed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) model that has been recently described by us in detail using other reagents. ...
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Cell Clusters in Cancer Metastasis: A Mini Review
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
43-45
Received:
20 April 2020
Accepted:
7 May 2020
Published:
19 May 2020
Abstract: Evidence is accumulating that suggests that cancer cell clusters are more likely to lead to metastatic lesions than are single cells. This mini-review explores this issue by examining evidence that indicates that cell clusters possess altered genes and metabolism that promote metastasis. When clusters are disaggregated, the resulting single cells often lose the altered properties characteristic of when they were in clusters. When cluster disrupting agents were injected into mice, metastasis was reduced. Cluster disaggregating agents are described and mechanisms of action of these compounds are explored. Using these agents to target cell clusters might offer a useful therapeutic approach in the treatment of cancer. Cell clusters are also involved in thrombocytosis and biofilm infectivity as well as cancer spread and cluster disrupting agents might be very useful in treating some human conditions in addition to cancer spread. Assays that examine the effectiveness of cluster disrupting agents are also described.
Abstract: Evidence is accumulating that suggests that cancer cell clusters are more likely to lead to metastatic lesions than are single cells. This mini-review explores this issue by examining evidence that indicates that cell clusters possess altered genes and metabolism that promote metastasis. When clusters are disaggregated, the resulting single cells o...
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Covid-19 Pandemic, Glycobiology, Glycan Shields, Vaccine Strategies, Heparin Sulfate: A Mini Review
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
46-48
Received:
27 May 2020
Accepted:
11 June 2020
Published:
20 June 2020
Abstract: The area of sugar biology (glycobiology) is an under-reported component of the Covid-19 pandemic. This mini-review will provide non-experts with a brief overview of some aspects of glycobiology with emphasis on metabolic pathways and enzymes that are involved in the main topic of this review, the virus glycan shields of HIV and SARS-Cov-2 that help protect the viruses from immunological recognition. The HIV glycan shield is more dense than the SARS-Cov-2 shield and is one reason that a successful HIV vaccine has not yet been developed. The glycan shields of both HIV and SARS-Cov-2 consist of mannose chains and other sugars that resemble host molecules, explaining why they are not strongly recognized by the host’s immune system as foreign. But because of the less dense SARS-Cov-2 glycan shield there is more optimism that an effective SARS-Cov-2 vaccine could be developed. This, in addition, to unusual vaccine approaches using, for example, virus messenger RNA instead of whole cells or viral proteins, and potential use of heparin sulfate to block virus attachment to cells are concepts that will be also discussed. This mini-review therefore begins with an overview of glycobiology to introduce the topic of viral glycan shields of HIV compared with SARS-COV-2. This is followed by discussion of novel vaccine approaches for SARS-COV-2 and the interesting issue of the glycan heparin sulfate that binds to the SARS-COV-2 surface and might be engineered to produce an anti-viral drug.
Abstract: The area of sugar biology (glycobiology) is an under-reported component of the Covid-19 pandemic. This mini-review will provide non-experts with a brief overview of some aspects of glycobiology with emphasis on metabolic pathways and enzymes that are involved in the main topic of this review, the virus glycan shields of HIV and SARS-Cov-2 that help...
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Logistics of the Pass-through Route in the Multimodal Transportation (st. Astana- st. Dina Nurpeisova - Port Poti - Port Odessa - European Union)
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
49-60
Received:
21 July 2019
Accepted:
16 December 2019
Published:
28 June 2020
Abstract: The article presents the results of studies to determine the freight charge in the system of international freight transportation with the participation of the railways of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Poland, as well as shipping through the Caspian Sea, Ukraine. The freight charge is determined when organizing container transportation. The calculations were performed both according to the methodology with a tariff fracture, and for the through-shoulder technique. The essence of the tariff fracture methodology is that when a freight train switches to the railway of a neighboring state, the transportation distance is reset. Carriage charges are calculated on the railway of a particular state from the border station to the next border station. Within the railway of the countries participating in international freight traffic, the freight charge is determined in national currency, then at the current rate it is converted into Swiss franc. It is known that the freight charge is determined on the basis of unit tariff rates and the corresponding differentiation scheme. There are three differentiation schemes in total. In all differentiation schemes, unit tariff rates depend on the distance of transportation. In these differentiation schemes, tariff rates decrease with increasing transportation distance. When using the through-shoulder technique, the tariff distance is determined from the departure station to the destination station, that is, according to the through-shoulder scheme. The freight charge is calculated in Swiss francs, which makes it possible to use the national currencies of the participating countries through the current exchange rate ChF. Since in this case the tariff distance according to the through-leverage scheme is greater than the tariff distances along the railways of the participating countries, the freight charge according to the through-leverage method will be less. This will reduce the freight charge for container transportation and offer railway customers more favorable conditions.
Abstract: The article presents the results of studies to determine the freight charge in the system of international freight transportation with the participation of the railways of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Poland, as well as shipping through the Caspian Sea, Ukraine. The freight charge is determined w...
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