-
Selection and Application of Fiscal and Tax Policy Tools for Army-civilian Integration
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
1-9
Received:
23 December 2020
Accepted:
5 January 2021
Published:
12 January 2021
Abstract: As a critical tool to optimize the allocation of resources, fiscal and tax policy plays an important role in promoting the deep development of army-civilian integration. This paper focuses on how to reasonably choose fiscal and tax policy tools to promote the development of army-civilian integration. First of all, it makes a comparative analysis of the decision-making body, scope, speed, cost and effect of all kind of fiscal and tax policy tools. Secondly, on the basis of combing the existing fiscal and tax policies, the paper points out the problems and shortcomings. The specific problem is the insufficient use of tool types and performance. The army-civilian integration of tools is not well targeted, and tools lack of pertinence for different types of army-civilian integration enterprises. Then, it further analyzes that the policy objectives, policy environment and the characteristics of army-civilian integration enterprises should be considered when selecting and optimizing fiscal and tax policy tools. Finally, on the foundation of the previous analysis, it gives suggestions on how to rationally choose and apply fiscal and tax policy tools to promote the further development of army-civilian integration. That is to say, when choosing fiscal and tax tools, on the one hand, we should not deviate from the performance of fiscal and tax policy tools, on the other hand, we should not ignore the development law of army-civilian integration industry. On this basis, we should strengthen the combination of fiscal policy tools and tax policy tools, the internal combination of tax policy tools and the internal combination of fiscal policy tools.
Abstract: As a critical tool to optimize the allocation of resources, fiscal and tax policy plays an important role in promoting the deep development of army-civilian integration. This paper focuses on how to reasonably choose fiscal and tax policy tools to promote the development of army-civilian integration. First of all, it makes a comparative analysis of...
Show More
-
Influence of Credit Management on Financial Performance of Dairy Marketing Cooperatives in Kenya
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
10-15
Received:
13 June 2019
Accepted:
8 July 2019
Published:
28 January 2021
Abstract: Agriculture development is the most critical sector for most Sub-Sahara African countries owing to its significance in food security and employment creation. Dairy cooperative societies are central to sustainable development as they are mainly intended to empower the communities especially in rural areas where agriculture is the main stay. According to United Nations estimates, the cooperative movement has brought 800 million people together globally. Dairy farmers have relied more heavily upon dairy cooperative societies to market their milk than have farmers of any other commodity. However, these cooperative societies are faced with various challenges especially after liberation and most cooperative societies in Kenya are under performing as compared to other cooperative societies in similar regions. However, most of the populations in the major production regions live below a dollar a day. This study sought to determine the influence of credit management on financial performance of Dairy cooperatives in Kisii, Nyamira, Bomet and Kericho Counties, Kenya. The study design is descriptive panel research design. Secondary data was used for analysis. The target population was four dairy marketing cooperatives with a total population of one thousand two hundred and forty five (1,245) dairy farmers registered as at December, 2018 by the Commissioner of cooperatives in Kenya in Kisii, Nyamira, Bomet and Kericho counties which also formed the study target units. Census sampling was used to select sample of the population. Secondary data over the ten year-period covering 2009-2018 was obtained. Data was collected using secondary data collection sheet and analyzed using multiple panel regression models. Limitations faced during data collection included high illiteracy levels amongst cooperative members. This was controlled by taking the officials through the facets of credit management to have them understand the concepts under enquiry. The study findings showed that credit management had significant influence on return on investment, a measure of financial performance of dairy marketing cooperatives in Kenya and tests for significance also showed that the influence was statistically significant. The study therefore recommends that all dairy marketing cooperative officials and members be trained on credit management aspects.
Abstract: Agriculture development is the most critical sector for most Sub-Sahara African countries owing to its significance in food security and employment creation. Dairy cooperative societies are central to sustainable development as they are mainly intended to empower the communities especially in rural areas where agriculture is the main stay. Accordin...
Show More
-
Internal Audit and Trust of Donors in Developing Countries: The Case of Benin
N’djibio Kokou Charlemagne,
Sylla Doucouré Karima
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
16-24
Received:
8 April 2020
Accepted:
28 April 2020
Published:
27 February 2021
Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to determine the impact of internal audit on the trust of Donors (Technical and Financial Partners) of Developing Countries, especially those of Benin. It has two specific objectives: to measure the impact of internal audit on the performance of public administrations; and assess the influence of the performance of public administrations on the confidence of Benin’s donors. The central hypothesis is that internal audit improves the confidence of state donors. It is broken down into two secondary hypotheses which are presented as follows: internal audit positively influences the performance of public administrations in Benin; and the performance of public administrations positively influences the confidence of donors. The double difference model is used to estimate the impact of internal audit. The study reveals that internal audit positively influences the performance of public administration in Benin. It also reveals that the performance of public administrations has a positive impact on the trust of Donors (Technical and Financial Partners) in Benin. Our research work proposes within the framework of the implementation of New Public Management prescriptions and public finance reforms, the generalization of the implementation of internal audit in all public administrations of developing countries. The implementation of internal audit would therefore serve to boost the trust of State donors and thus give them assurance as to the proper management of Public Development Aid (PDA) and External Loans.
Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to determine the impact of internal audit on the trust of Donors (Technical and Financial Partners) of Developing Countries, especially those of Benin. It has two specific objectives: to measure the impact of internal audit on the performance of public administrations; and assess the influence of the performance ...
Show More
-
GARCH and Its Variants’ Model: An Application of Crude Oil Distributions in Nigeria
Rasaki Olawale Olanrewaju,
Ezekiel Oseni
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
25-35
Received:
27 February 2021
Accepted:
11 March 2021
Published:
26 March 2021
Abstract: This study investigates the need for variants of GARCH model when the former fails to fully embrace clumping volatility of either a positive or negative shock via asymmetrical effect, long-memory, high-frequency, and leverage effect. The volatility effect of distributions of crude oil (prices, barrels produced and exported) in Nigeria, for the period of fifteen (15) (1: 2006 to 8:2020) years obtained from Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) bulletin were examined via GARCH and it variants. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and time plot analyzes were carried-out on the one hundred and seventy-six (176) data points. It was deduced that GARCH (2,1) optimally generalized the prices of crude oil among its variants of gjrGARCH (2,1), apARCH (2,1), iGARCH (2,1), and csGARCH (2,1), and that positive and negative shocks did not have the same impact on the volatility of prices of crude oil. In a similar vein, iGARCH (1,1) optimized barrels of crude oil produced and exported among eGARCH (1,1), GARCCH (1,1), gjrGARCH (1,1), apARCH (1,1), iGARCH (1,1), and csGARCH (1,1) for the years of studied. However, it was inferred that positive shock as real meaningful impact on the clumping volatility on barrels of crude oil produced and exported while negative shock as no meaningful impact on the volatility on barrels of crude oil produced and exported.
Abstract: This study investigates the need for variants of GARCH model when the former fails to fully embrace clumping volatility of either a positive or negative shock via asymmetrical effect, long-memory, high-frequency, and leverage effect. The volatility effect of distributions of crude oil (prices, barrels produced and exported) in Nigeria, for the peri...
Show More
