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Thermochemistry of Heteroatomic Compounds: Analysis of Thermodynamic Functions of Mendeleev′s Periodic Table Atoms in Various Phases; Possibility for the Bond Strengths Calculations in Condensed State
Vitaly Vitalevich Ovchinnikov
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
54-60
Received:
14 September 2014
Accepted:
23 September 2014
Published:
30 September 2014
Abstract: The values of free energies, the heats and entropies of formation and heat capacities of gaseous and condensed atoms of I-VII main and lateral groups and three groups of transitive elements of Mendeleev’s Periodic table were analyzed. Seventy nine equations of such type as ∆g,f,sΨo = i ± f N, in which ∆g,f,sΨo is thermodynamic function, i and f are stoichiometric coefficients, have been calculated. The obtained equations can be used for the calculations of the same functions for other atoms, for with they are not known. The same equations can be used for the next calculation of bond strength in they also. Instead of bond energy (Eb) or bond dissociation energy (BDE) the bond strength (Sb) new symbol of the bond powers for organic and organometallic substances has been suggested. It has been done because there are all thermodynamic functions for practically all atoms of Periodic table and hard to define the bond power with the use the heat function (enthalpy) only; probably is necessary to present the all thermodynamic parameters for the calculating bonds between atoms.
Abstract: The values of free energies, the heats and entropies of formation and heat capacities of gaseous and condensed atoms of I-VII main and lateral groups and three groups of transitive elements of Mendeleev’s Periodic table were analyzed. Seventy nine equations of such type as ∆g,f,sΨo = i ± f N, in which ∆g,f,sΨo is thermodynamic function, i and f ar...
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Characterization of Electrochemical Cycling-Induced New Products of NaCuO2 Cathode Material for Sodium Secondary Batteries
Yoko Ono,
Yuhki Yui,
Kaoru Asakura,
Jiro Nakamura,
Masahiko Hayashi,
Kazue Ichino Takahashi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
61-66
Received:
17 September 2014
Accepted:
5 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: Using a Na/NaCuO2 cell, we investigate the conversion of NaCuO2 during charge and discharge reactions and the new products formed by the conversion. In the voltage range of 0.75 to 3.0 V, the results of ex-situ XRD analysis indicate that Na2CuO2, an unstable amorphous discharge product, converted into CuO and Cu2O. Moreover, an XPS analysis reveals Na2O is formed on the surface of a NaCuO2 electrode. From 1.7 to 4.2 V, on the other hand, the first charge product, Na1-xCuO2, should partially form CuO. This behavior is similar to the reaction in which the charge of a Li/LiCuO2 cell forms CuO. Then, after the discharge, CuO and Cu2O are observed as the main components in XRD patterns of the electrode. NaCuO2 phase appeared again after the subsequent charge. NaCuO2 is gradually converted into CuO as the main component as the cycles proceed. The cycling-induced new products of NaCuO2 change, depends on the voltage ranges.
Abstract: Using a Na/NaCuO2 cell, we investigate the conversion of NaCuO2 during charge and discharge reactions and the new products formed by the conversion. In the voltage range of 0.75 to 3.0 V, the results of ex-situ XRD analysis indicate that Na2CuO2, an unstable amorphous discharge product, converted into CuO and Cu2O. Moreover, an XPS analysis reveals...
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Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study of the Behaviour of Bis(2,2--Bipyridyl)Copper(II) Complex Immobilized on a Self-Assembled Monolayer Modified Gold Electrode
Abdunnaser Mohamed Etorki,
Haddi Omar Reghei
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
67-71
Received:
25 September 2014
Accepted:
8 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: Modification of a gold electrode of an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) has been achieved by immobilizing a bis(2,2--bipyridyl)copper(II) complex on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-mercapto-11-undecanoic acid (MUA). The electrostatic interaction of the negatively charged SAM with a di-positive copper complex allowed the attachment. The modified electrode exhibited excellent redox behavior. Electro-statically immobilized on a SAM gold modified electrode is reported. A carboxylic acid terminated monolayer was utilized to provide a chemically uniform surface. The dependence of the modified electrode response was investigated in terms of pH, supporting electrolyte and ionic strength. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was also employed to study the chemical interactions between bis(2,2--bipyridyl)copper(II) and 1-mercapto-11-undecanoic acid (MUA). XPS provides identification of the sorption sites involved in the accumulation of bis(2,2--bipyridyl)copper(II), as well as the forms of species sorbed on the self-assembled monolayer. It is found that sorption occurs on carboxlic functional groups.
Abstract: Modification of a gold electrode of an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) has been achieved by immobilizing a bis(2,2--bipyridyl)copper(II) complex on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-mercapto-11-undecanoic acid (MUA). The electrostatic interaction of the negatively charged SAM with a di-positive copper complex allowed the atta...
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Heat Energy as Measure of Matter Chaotization
Vitaly Pavlovich Malyshev,
Asrta Mundukovna Makasheva,
Yana Alekseevna Fedorovich
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
72-76
Received:
21 August 2014
Accepted:
17 September 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: The heat energy, which is a measure of chaotic motion of particles and which is determined by Boltzmann distribution that is valid not only for gaseous but condensed state of matter, could be an analytical tool to reveal the united nature of solid, liquid and gaseous states based on introduction of new concepts of virtual crystal-mobile, liquid-mobile and vapor-mobile particles.
Abstract: The heat energy, which is a measure of chaotic motion of particles and which is determined by Boltzmann distribution that is valid not only for gaseous but condensed state of matter, could be an analytical tool to reveal the united nature of solid, liquid and gaseous states based on introduction of new concepts of virtual crystal-mobile, liquid-mob...
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Bryophyllum Pinnatum Leaf (BPL) is an Eternal Source of Renewable Electrical Energy for Future World
Md. Kamrul Alam Kahn,
Mohammad Hasan Bakshi,
Abdullah Al Mahmud
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
77-83
Received:
25 October 2014
Accepted:
4 November 2014
Published:
10 November 2014
Abstract: Modern civilization uses huge amount of electrical power. Most of this power is generated by using fossil fuel which is non-renewable and we can not produce it according to our desire .If this condition continue human civility will face great difficulties. In this case energy solution for the future will increasingly depend upon the uses of renewable energy. Keeping this concept in mind, an Innovative work has been designed and developed at the Physics Department of Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Electrochemistry and electrical Performances have been studied. The concentration of the reactant and product ions are [Cu2+] and [Zn2+]respectively measured by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The variation of [Cu2+ ] and [Zn2+] with the variation of time, temperature of the electrolyte, concentration of the juice ,distance between two plates, absorption and adsorption of the [Cu2+ ] and [Zn2+] by the electrodes, thickness of the electrodes have been studied. Voltage regulation, Internal resistance, Energy efficiency, Current efficiency ,Voltage efficiency, Charging efficiency, Discharging efficiency , Open circuit Voltage, Short circuit Current of the BPL cell have been studied. It has been also studied the Voltage regulation, Internal resistance, Energy efficiency, Current efficiency ,Voltage efficiency, Charging efficiency, Discharging efficiency , Open circuit Voltage, Short circuit Current of the BPL cell with the variation of time. The name and presentation of the BPL cell has been developed . It has been introduced the name of the BPL cell as quasi Galvanic/Voltaic cell. Most of the results have been tabulated and graphically discussed.
Abstract: Modern civilization uses huge amount of electrical power. Most of this power is generated by using fossil fuel which is non-renewable and we can not produce it according to our desire .If this condition continue human civility will face great difficulties. In this case energy solution for the future will increasingly depend upon the uses of renewab...
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Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Swelling of Scale-Free Polymer Networks
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
84-88
Received:
28 October 2014
Accepted:
5 November 2014
Published:
20 November 2014
Abstract: We studied experimentally and theoretically how the network topology influences the mechanical properties and swelling of polymer networks. The properties of monofunctional and polyfunctional networks were compared. The cross-link functionality distribution of the polyfunctional networks is a power function. Such networks are also called scale-free networks. The ultimate tensile strength and ultimate tensile strain of a polyfunctional network appeared to be 1.4 and ~2 times as high as the respective parameters for a monofunctional network. For assessing the long-term strength of polymer networks, we used cyclic straining. The number of cycles from the onset of an experiment to the breakdown of the test sample for a scale-free polymer network was 56 to 60 times the number of cycles for a monofunctional network. We used the lattice-type model of solutions and derived an equation relating the chemical potential of the solvent or plasticizer in a swollen scale-free polymer network to the network parameters and the volume fraction of the polymer. The experimental results verified the validity of our theoretical analysis.
Abstract: We studied experimentally and theoretically how the network topology influences the mechanical properties and swelling of polymer networks. The properties of monofunctional and polyfunctional networks were compared. The cross-link functionality distribution of the polyfunctional networks is a power function. Such networks are also called scale-free...
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