| Peer-Reviewed

Academic Procrastination of Adolescents: A Brief Review of the Literature

Received: 1 September 2021    Accepted: 2 November 2021    Published: 12 November 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Procrastination is a common behavioral and psychological concern that refers to unnecessarily delaying tasks and experiencing negative results. Adolescent students are the ones especially prone to suffer from academic procrastination as they are in a unique stage of rapid development and growth. Previous research has demonstrated that adolescent academic procrastination is related to self-regulation, self-efficacy, motivation, perfectionism, and parenting. Moreover, the Internet, especially smartphones and online games, has presented new ways to procrastinate. Online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has implications for academic procrastination as well. Therefore, the aim of this literature review is to synthesize studies on academic procrastination of teenagers and consider individual, family, and technology perspectives. Interventions, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT), treat procrastination, with common strategies targeting specific behaviors and emotions. To address some limitations, future research should expand to Eastern contexts, construct reliable measures, address distance learning, and develop alternative treatment approaches. This line of research would help teachers and parents support adolescent students in reducing their urges to procrastinate and developing good learning habits to lay a foundation for future studies and work.

Published in Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (Volume 10, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.pbs.20211006.12
Page(s) 198-208
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Academic Procrastination, Adolescent, COVID-19 Pandemic, Internet, Online Class, Procrastination Causes, Clinical Treatment, CBT

References
[1] Anderson, M., & Jiang, J. (2018). Teens, social media & technology 2018. Pew Research Center, 31 (2018), 1673-1689.
[2] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
[3] Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. Guilford press.
[4] Baturay, M. H., & Toker, S. (2016). Self-esteem shapes the impact of GPA and general health on Facebook addiction. Social Science Computer Review, 35 (5), 555–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316656606.
[5] Binder, K. B., & Pychyl, T. A. (1999). The effects ofintervention on student procrastination and subjective well-being. Poster session presented at Canadian Psychological Association annual convention, Halifax, NS.
[6] Boice, R. (1996). Procasrinarion and Blocking: A novel, practical approach. Praeger: Westport. CT.
[7] Brophy, J. (2006). Observational research on generic aspects of classroom teaching. In P. A. Alexander & P. H. Winne (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 755–780). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
[8] Brownlow, S., & Reasinger, R. D. (2000). Putting off until tomorrow what is better done today: Academic procrastination as a function of motivation toward college work. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15 (5), 15.
[9] Burka, J. B., & Yuen, L. M. (1983). Procrastination: Why You Do It What to Do about It. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.
[10] Cerino, E. S. (2014). Relationships Between Academic Motivation, Self-Efficacy, and Academic Procrastination. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 19 (4).
[11] Chu, A. H. C., & Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of “active” procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 245–264.
[12] Clariana, M., Gotzens, C., del Mar Badia, M., & Cladellas, R. (2012). Procrastination and cheating from secondary school to university. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 10 (2), 737-754.
[13] Creswell, J. D., Welch, W. T., Taylor, S. E., Sherman, D. K., Gruenewald, T. L., Mann, T. (2005). Affirmation of personal values buffers neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses. Psychological Science, 16, 846–851.
[14] DAK-Studie. (2020). DAK-Studie: Gaming, Social-Media & Corona. Retrieved from https://www.dak.de/dak/gesundheit/dak-studie-gaming-social-media-und-corona-2295548.html.
[15] Day, V., Mensink, D., & O'Sullivan, M. (2000). Patterns of academic procrastination. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 30 (2), 120-134.
[16] Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
[17] Deslandes, S. F., & Coutinho, T. (2020). The intensive use of the internet by children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19 and the risks for self-inflicted violence. Ciencia & saude coletiva, 25, 2479-2486.
[18] Dienlin, T., & Johannes, N. (2020). The impact of digital technology use on adolescent well-being. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 22 (2), 135.
[19] Dietz, F., Hofer, M., & Fries, S. (2007). Individual values, learning routines and procrastination. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 893–906.
[20] DiPerna, J. & Elliot, S., (1999). Development and validation of the Academic Competence Evaluation Scales. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 17, 207-225.
[21] Dong, H., Yang, F., Lu, X., & Hao, W. (2020). Internet addiction and related psychological factors among children and adolescents in China during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 751.
[22] Doty, D. H., Wooldridge, B. R., Astakhova, M., Fagan, M. H., Marinina, M. G., Caldas, M. P., & Tunçalp, D. (2020). Passion as an excuse to procrastinate: A cross-cultural examination of the relationships between Obsessive Internet passion and procrastination. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.014.
[23] Doyle, W. (2006). Ecological approaches to classroom management. In C. M. Evertson & C. S. Weinstein (Eds.), Handbook of classroom management.: Research, practice, and contemporary issues (pp. 97–125). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
[24] Dumont, H., Trautwein, U., Ludtke, O., Neumann, M., Niggli, A., and Schnyder, I. (2012). Does parental homework involvement mediate the relationship between family background and educational outcomes? Contemp. Educ. Psychol. 37, 55–69. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.09.004.
[25] Dweck, C. S., & Leggett E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.
[26] Effert, B., & Ferrari, J. R. (1989). Examining Personality Correlates. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4 (1), 151-156.
[27] Ellis, A. (1991). The revised ABC's of rational-emotive therapy (RET). Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 9 (3), 139-172.
[28] Ellis, A., & Knaus, W. J. (1977). Overcoming procrastination. New York: Institute for Rational Living.
[29] Fernandes, B., Biswas, U. N., Mansukhani, R. T., Casarín, A. V., & Essau, C. A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on internet use and escapism in adolescents. Revista de psicología clínica con niños y adolescentes, 7 (3), 59-65.
[30] Ferrari, J. R. (1991). Compulsive procrastination: Some self-reported characteristics. Psychological reports, 68 (2), 455-458.
[31] Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment. Springer Science & Business Media.
[32] Ferrari, J. R., & Olivette, M. J. (1993). Perceptions of parental control and the development of indecision among late adolescent females. Adolescence, 28, 963–970.
[33] Ferrari, J. R., Parker, J. T., & Ware, C. B. (1992). Academic procrastination: Personality correlates with Myers-Briggs types, self-efficacy, and academic locus of control. Journal of social Behavior and personality, 7 (3), 495-502.
[34] Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. R., Hewitt, P. L., & Koledin, S. (1992). Components of perfectionism and procrastination in college students. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 20 (2), 85-94.
[35] Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: theory, research and treatment (pp. 113 – 136). New York: Plenum Press.
[36] Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Moitra, E., Yeomans, P. D., & Geller, P. A. (2007). A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Behavior modification, 31 (6), 772-799.
[37] Frost, R. O., Marten, P. A., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449-468.
[38] Glick, D. M., Millstein, D. J., & Orsillo, S. M. (2014). A preliminary investigation of the role of psychological inflexibility in academic procrastination. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3 (2), 81-88.
[39] Gokler, M. E., & Turan, S. (2020). Use of problematic technology during the COVID-19 pandemic. ESTUDAM Public Health Journal, 5, 108–114.
[40] Gonda, D., Pavlovičová, G., Tirpáková, A., & Ďuriš, V. (2021). Setting Up a Flipped Classroom Design to Reduce Student Academic Procrastination. Sustainability, 13 (15), 8668.
[41] Google (2021). Procrastination. Google Inc. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?q=Procrastination&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS888US889&ei=4n8WYeCJBon9-gTy8JHgAg&oq=Procrastination&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EANKBAhBGABQ1NeyAljU17ICYOfbsgJoAHACeACAAdMCiAHTApIBAzMtMZgBAKABAcABAQ&sclient=gws-wiz&ved=0ahUKEwjggt-Gma7yAhWJvp4KHXJ4BCwQ4dUDCA4&uact=5.
[42] Gündüz, G. F. (2020). The Relationship between Academic Procrastination Behaviors of Secondary School Students, Learning Styles and Parenting Behaviors. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7 (1), 253-266.
[43] Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24 (5), 621-637.
[44] Hannok, W. (2011). Procrastination and motivation beliefs of adolescents: A cross-cultural study.
[45] Hayes, S. C. (2008). Climbing our hills: A beginning conversation on the comparison of acceptance and commitment therapy and traditional cognitive behavioral therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 286–295.
[46] Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy model, processes and outcomes. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1–25.
[47] Hayes, S. C., Pierson, P. (2005). Acceptance and commitment therapy. In Freeman, A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of cognitive behavior therapy (pp. 1–4). New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media.
[48] Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2009). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
[49] Hefner, D., Knop, K., and Klimmt, C. (2018). “Being mindfully connected: responding to the challenges of adolescents living in a POPC world,” in Permanently Online, Permanently Connected. Living and Communication in a POPC World, eds P. Vorderer, D. Hefner, L. Reinecke, and C. Klimmt (New York, NY: Routledge), 176–187.
[50] Hill, N. E., & Tyson, D. F. (2009). Parental involvement in middle school: A meta-analytic assessment of the strategies that promote achievement. Developmental Psychology, 45, 740–763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015362.
[51] Hinsch, C., and Sheldon, K. M. (2013). The impact of frequent social Internet consumption: increased procrastination and lower life satisfaction. J. Consum. Behav. 12, 496–505. doi: 10.1002/cb.1453.
[52] Hofmann, S. G., Asmundson, J. G. (2008). Acceptance and mindfulness-based therapy: New wave or old hat? Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1–16.
[53] Hong, J. C., Lee, Y. F., & Ye, J. H. (2021). Procrastination predicts online self-regulated learning and online learning ineffectiveness during the coronavirus lockdown. Personality and individual differences, 174, 110673.
[54] Hong, W., Liua, R. D., Ding, Y., Jiang, S., Yang, X., & Sheng, X. (2021). Academic procrastination precedes problematic mobile phone use in Chinese adolescents: A longitudinal mediation model of distraction cognitions. Addictive Behaviors, 106993.
[55] Joda, A. H., Saed, O., Baytamar, J. M., Zenoozian, S., & Yusefi, F. (2018). The efficacy of group acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing academic procrastination and improving difficulty in emotion regulation: A randomized clinical trial. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 23 (5), 66-78.
[56] Kaur, M., & Narang, S. (2021). Effect of REBT on academic procrastination of secondary school students. Ilkogretim Online, 20 (4).
[57] Király, O., Potenza, M. N., Stein, D. J., King, D. L., Hodgins, D. C., Saunders, J. B.,... & Demetrovics, Z. (2020). Preventing problematic internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consensus guidance. Comprehensive psychiatry, 100, 152180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152180
[58] Klassen, R. M., & Kuzucu, E. (2009). Academic procrastination and motivation of adolescents in Turkey. Educational psychology, 29 (1), 69-81.
[59] Klassen, R. M., Ang, R. P., Chong, W. H., Krawchuk, L. L., Huan, V. S., Wong, I. Y., & Yeo, L. S. (2009). A cross-cultural study of adolescent procrastination. Journal of research on Adolescence, 19 (4), 799-811.
[60] Klassen, R. M., Ang, R. P., Chong, W. H., Krawchuk, L. L., Huan, V. S., Wong, I. Y., & Yeo, L. S. (2010). Academic procrastination in two settings: Motivation correlates, behavioral patterns, and negative impact of procrastination in Canada and Singapore. Applied Psychology, 59 (3), 361-379.
[61] Klassen, R. M., Krawchuk, L. L., & Rajani, S. (2008). Academic procrastination of undergraduates: Low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of procrastination. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33 (4), 915-931.
[62] Klassen, R. M., Krawchuk, L. L., Lynch, S. L., & Rajani, S. (2008). Procrastination and motivation of undergraduates with learning disabilities: A mixed methods inquiry. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 23, 137-147.
[63] Klingsieck, K. B. (2013). Procrastination: when good things don't come to those who wait. European Psychologist. 18, 24–34. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000138.
[64] Knaus, W. J. (1998). Do it now!: Break the procrastination habit. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[65] Komarraju, M., Karau, S. J., & Ramayah, T. (2007). Cross-cultural differences in the academic motivation of university students in Malaysia and the United States. North American Journal of Psychology, 9, 275-292.
[66] Krawchuk, L. L. (2008). Procrastination, self-efficacy calibration, anxiety, and achievement in undergraduate students. (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
[67] Lay, C. H. (1986). At last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 474-495.
[68] Lee, E. (2005). The relationship of motivation and flow experience to academic procrastination in university students. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166 (1), 5-15.
[69] McCown, W., Johnson, J., & Petzel, T. (1989). Procrastination, a Principal Components analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 10 (2), 197-202.
[70] McInerney, D. M. (2008). The motivational roles of cultural differences and cultural identity in self-regulated learning. In D. H. Schunck & B. J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory.
[71] Montag, C., & Elhai, J. D. (2020). Discussing digital technology overuse in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: On the importance of considering Affective Neuroscience Theory. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 12, 100313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100313.
[72] Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of research in personality, 41 (4), 908-916.
[73] Owens, A. M., & Newbegin, I. (1997). Procrastination in high school achievement: A causal structural model. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12 (4), 869.
[74] Owens, A. M., & Newbegin, I. (2000). Academic procrastination of adolescents in English and mathematics: Gender and personality variations. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15, 111–124.
[75] Özer, B. U. (2011). A cross sectional study on procrastination: who procrastinate more. In International Conference on Education Research and Innovation (Vol. 18, pp. 34-37).
[76] Ozer, B. U., & Ferrari, J. R. (2011). Gender orientation and academic procrastination: Exploring Turkish high school students. Individual Differences Research, 9 (1), 33-40.
[77] Ozer, B. U., Demir, A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Reducing academic procrastination through a group treatment program: A pilot study. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 31 (3), 127-135.
[78] Palmer, D. (1998). Procrastination, McMaster University, Center for Students Development, Retrieved 24 July, 2008, from http://csd. mcmaster.ca/cgi-bin/bookbuild.exe?11.
[79] Pelikan, E. R., Lüftenegger, M., Holzer, J., Korlat, S., Spiel, C., & Schober, B. (2021). Learning during COVID-19: the role of self-regulated learning, motivation, and procrastination for perceived competence. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, 24 (2), 393-418.
[80] Pintrich, P. R., Marx, R. W., & Boyle, R. A. (1993). Beyond cold conceptual change: The role of motivational beliefs and classroom contextual factors in the process of conceptual change. Review of Educational Research, 63, 167-199.
[81] Purdie, N., Carroll, A., & Roche, L. (2004). Parenting and adolescent self-regulation. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 663–676.
[82] Pychyl, T. A., & Flett, G. L. (2012). Procrastination and self-regulatory failure: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30 (4), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10942-012-0149-5.
[83] Pychyl, T. A., Coplan, R. J., & Reid, P. A. (2002). Parenting and procrastination: gender differences in the relations between procrastination, parenting style and self-worth in early adolescence. Personality and individual differences, 33 (2), 271-285.
[84] Raffaelli, M., Crockett, L. J., & Shen, Y.-L. (2005). Developmental stability and change in selfregulation from childhood to adolescence. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166, 54–76.
[85] Ragan, E. D., Jennings, S. R., Massey, J. D., & Doolittle, P. E. (2014). Unregulated use of laptops over time in large lecture classes. Computers & Education, 78, 78–86. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.002.
[86] Rakes, G. C., & Dunn, K. E. (2010). The Impact of Online Graduate Students' Motivation and Self-Regulation on Academic Procrastination. Journal of interactive online learning, 9 (1).
[87] Ramsay, J. (2002). A cognitive therapy approach for treating chronic procrastination and avoidance: Behavioral activation interventions. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama & Sociometry (15453855), 55 (2/3), 79-92.
[88] Rasheed, R. A., Kamsin, A., & Abdullah, N. A. (2020). Challenges in the online component of blended learning: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 144, 103701.
[89] Reinecke, L., Meier, A., Aufenanger, S., Beutel, M. E., Dreier, M., Quiring, O., et al. (2018). Permanently online and permanently procrastinating? The mediating role of Internet use for the effects of trait procrastination on psychological health and well-being. New Media Soc. 20, 862–880. doi: 10.1177/1461444816675437.
[90] Reinecke, L., Meier, A., Beutel, M. E., Schemer, C., Stark, B., Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W. (2018). The relationship between trait procrastination, internet use, and psychological functioning: Results from a community sample of German adolescents. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 913.
[91] Roisman, G. I., Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, J. D., and Tellegen, A. (2004). Salient and emerging developmental tasks in transition to adulthood. Child Dev. 75, 123–133. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00658.x.
[92] Rosario, P., Costa, M., Nunez, J. Gonzales – Pienda, J., Solano, P. & Valle, A. (2009). Academic procrastination: associations with personal, school, and family variables. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12 (1), 118-127.
[93] Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, L. J., & Murakami, J. (1986). Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators. Journal of counseling psychology, 33 (4), 387.
[94] Rozental, A., & Carlbring, P. (2013). Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for procrastination: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15 (11), 27.
[95] Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting Procrastination Using Psychological Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9 (AUG), 1588–1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588.
[96] Rozgonjuk, D., Kattago, M., & Täht, K. (2018). Social media use in lectures mediates the relationship between procrastination and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 191-198.
[97] Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68.
[98] Sartorius, N., Uston, B., Lecrubier, Y. & Wittchen, H. (1996). Depression comorbid with anxiety: results from the WHO study on psychology disorders in primary health care. British Journal ofPsychiatry, 168, 38-43.
[99] Senécal, C., Koestner, R., & Vallerand, R. J. (1995). Self-regulation and academic procrastination. The journal of social psychology, 135 (5), 607-619.
[100] Shih, S. S. (2017). Factors related to Taiwanese adolescents' academic procrastination, time management, and perfectionism. The Journal of Educational Research, 110 (4), 415-424.
[101] Sirois, F. M. (2014). Procrastination and stress: Exploring the role of self-compassion. Self and Identity, 13 (2), 128-145.
[102] Sirois, F. M., and Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the Priority of Short-Term Mood Regulation: Consequences for Future Self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7 (2), 115- 127. doi: 10.1111/spc3.12011.
[103] Sirois, F. M., Van Eerde, W., Argiropoulou, M. I., and Walla, P. (2015). Is procrastination related to sleep quality? Testing an application of the procrastination-health model. Cogent Psychol. 2: 1074776. doi: 10.1080/23311908.2015.1074776.
[104] Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 503-509.
[105] Statista (2021), Global digital population as of January 2021, Statista Inc. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/#:~:text=Almost%204.57%20billion%20people%20were,percent%20of%20total%20internet%20users.
[106] Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 65–94.
[107] Steel, P., Brothen, T., & Wambach, C. (2001). Procrastination and personality, performance, and mood. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 95-106.
[108] The Oxford Language (2021). Procrastination. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/.
[109] Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8, 454–458.
[110] Tice, D. M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000). Giving in to feel good: The place of emotion regulation in the context of general self-control. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 149-159.
[111] Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001). Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it! Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 (1), 53-67.
[112] Tuckman, B. W. (2002). Academic Procrastinators: Their rationalizations and web-course performance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
[113] Ulgener, P., Minalay, H., Ture, A., Tugutlu, U., & Harper, M. G. (2020). Examining the relationship between academic procrastination behaviours and problematic Internet usage of high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Global Journal of Guidance and Counseling in Schools: Current Perspectives, 10 (3), 142-156.
[114] U.S. NCES, (2001), Computer and Internet Use by Children and Adolescents in 2001 Statistical Analysis Report, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved from: https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/2004014.pdf.
[115] Van Eerde, W. (2003). A meta-analytically derived nomological network of procrastination. Personality and individual differences, 35 (6), 1401-1418.
[116] Wang, S., Zhou, Y., Yu, S., Ran, L. W., Liu, X. P., and Chen, Y. F. (2017). Acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive–behavioral therapy as treatments for academic procrastination: a randomized controlled group session. Res. Soc. Work Pract. 27, 48–58. doi: 10.1177/1049731515577890.
[117] Wentzel, K. R. (1998). Social relationships and motivation in middle school: The role of parents, teachers, and peers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 202–209. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.90.2.202.
[118] Wohl, M. J., Pychyl, T. A., & Bennett, S. H. (2010). I forgive myself, now I can study: How self-forgiveness for procrastinating can reduce future procrastination. Personality and individual differences, 48 (7), 803-808.
[119] Wolters, C. A. (2003). Understanding procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 179–187.
[120] Won, S., & Shirley, L. Y. (2018). Relations of perceived parental autonomy support and control with adolescents' academic time management and procrastination. Learning and Individual Differences, 61, 205-215.
[121] Yang, Z., Asbury, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). An exploration of problematic smartphone use among Chinese university students: Associations with academic anxiety, academic procrastination, self-regulation and subjective wellbeing. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17 (3), 596-614.
[122] Yoo, Y. S., Cho, O. H., & Cha, K. S. (2014). Associations between overuse of the internet and mental health in adolescents. Nursing & health sciences, 16 (2), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12086.
[123] Ziesat, H. A., Rosenthal, T. L. & White, G. M. (1978). Behavioral self-control in treating procrastination of studying. Psychological Reports, 42, 59-69.
[124] Zimmerman, B. J., & Cleary, T. J. (2006). Adolescents’ development of personal agency: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and self-regulatory skill. In F. Pajares & T. Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 45-69). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
[125] Zimmerman, B. J., Bandura, A., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1992). Self-motivation for academic attainment: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and personal goal-setting. American Educational Research Journal, 29, 663–676.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Shuai Xu. (2021). Academic Procrastination of Adolescents: A Brief Review of the Literature. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 10(6), 198-208. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20211006.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Shuai Xu. Academic Procrastination of Adolescents: A Brief Review of the Literature. Psychol. Behav. Sci. 2021, 10(6), 198-208. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20211006.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Shuai Xu. Academic Procrastination of Adolescents: A Brief Review of the Literature. Psychol Behav Sci. 2021;10(6):198-208. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20211006.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.pbs.20211006.12,
      author = {Shuai Xu},
      title = {Academic Procrastination of Adolescents: A Brief Review of the Literature},
      journal = {Psychology and Behavioral Sciences},
      volume = {10},
      number = {6},
      pages = {198-208},
      doi = {10.11648/j.pbs.20211006.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20211006.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.pbs.20211006.12},
      abstract = {Procrastination is a common behavioral and psychological concern that refers to unnecessarily delaying tasks and experiencing negative results. Adolescent students are the ones especially prone to suffer from academic procrastination as they are in a unique stage of rapid development and growth. Previous research has demonstrated that adolescent academic procrastination is related to self-regulation, self-efficacy, motivation, perfectionism, and parenting. Moreover, the Internet, especially smartphones and online games, has presented new ways to procrastinate. Online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has implications for academic procrastination as well. Therefore, the aim of this literature review is to synthesize studies on academic procrastination of teenagers and consider individual, family, and technology perspectives. Interventions, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT), treat procrastination, with common strategies targeting specific behaviors and emotions. To address some limitations, future research should expand to Eastern contexts, construct reliable measures, address distance learning, and develop alternative treatment approaches. This line of research would help teachers and parents support adolescent students in reducing their urges to procrastinate and developing good learning habits to lay a foundation for future studies and work.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Academic Procrastination of Adolescents: A Brief Review of the Literature
    AU  - Shuai Xu
    Y1  - 2021/11/12
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20211006.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.pbs.20211006.12
    T2  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
    JF  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
    JO  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
    SP  - 198
    EP  - 208
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7845
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20211006.12
    AB  - Procrastination is a common behavioral and psychological concern that refers to unnecessarily delaying tasks and experiencing negative results. Adolescent students are the ones especially prone to suffer from academic procrastination as they are in a unique stage of rapid development and growth. Previous research has demonstrated that adolescent academic procrastination is related to self-regulation, self-efficacy, motivation, perfectionism, and parenting. Moreover, the Internet, especially smartphones and online games, has presented new ways to procrastinate. Online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has implications for academic procrastination as well. Therefore, the aim of this literature review is to synthesize studies on academic procrastination of teenagers and consider individual, family, and technology perspectives. Interventions, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT), treat procrastination, with common strategies targeting specific behaviors and emotions. To address some limitations, future research should expand to Eastern contexts, construct reliable measures, address distance learning, and develop alternative treatment approaches. This line of research would help teachers and parents support adolescent students in reducing their urges to procrastinate and developing good learning habits to lay a foundation for future studies and work.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

  • Sections