Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health

Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou; Amadou Kouyate; Ali Sanou; Aka Eric Koffi; Mougo Andre Tigori; Namory Meite; Koffi Jean-Paul Bohoussou; Brou Dibi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13

Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health

Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou, Amadou Kouyate, Ali Sanou, Aka Eric Koffi, Mougo Andre Tigori, Namory Meite, Koffi Jean-Paul Bohoussou, Brou Dibi

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 8, Issue 3)

Received: 13 June 2022 Accepted: 29 August 2022 Published: 14 September 2022

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Abstract

Water is the main water requirement of the human body. However, 80% of water-related diseases affect people in developing countries. Physicochemical analyzes (nutrient salts, mineral salts, physical parameters) were carried out on water points (springs, boreholes, wells and taps) in order to assess the level of contamination of drinking water in the city of Daloa. A total of 18 drinking water quality parameters were determined using standard water analysis techniques and the values obtained were compared to the drinking water standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The descriptive analysis of the parameters showed that the waters have an acid pH with a more pronounced acidity in groundwater (pH 4.25 – 5.88). That made them non-compliant with the WHO standard (6.5 – 8.5). In addition, the temperature of the waters studied (25.2 – 28.4°C) is higher than the standard (25°C) for all the water points except tap R1 (24.3°C). Furthermore, these waters are weakly mineralized with conductivities (0.73 – 4.28 mg/L) and levels of total dissolved solids (0.32 – 2.41 mg/L) which meet WHO standards. Also, 4 water points (44.44%) are contaminated by nitrites; 8 (88.88%) are contaminated with ammonium and all the water points (100%) have chemical oxygen demand values above the WHO standard (10 mg/L). However, calcium (0.276 – 0.601 mg/L), magnesium (0.205 – 0.256 mg/L), sodium (20.37 – 37.13 mg/L), potassium (0.198 – 0.433 mg/L), sulfates (0.69 – 15.98 mg/L), chlorides (8.88 – 26.63 mg/L), orthophosphates (0.01 to 0.26 mg/L), nitrates (0. 93 – 28.13 mg/L) and turbidity (0.16 – 4.16) comply with WHO standards for drinking water which are respectively 100 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 200 mg/ L, 12 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 5 NTU. Moreover, all the waters sampled have a total nitrogen level (0.22 to 0.56 mg/L) that comply with the EPA standard (10 mg/L) for human consumption. In general, the physico-chemical quality of the waters sampled is acceptable but in some cases, it requires a specific treatment (filtration, adsorption, etc) before consumption.

Published in	Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 8, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13
Page(s)	186-196
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Physico-chemical Parameters, Wells, Springs, Boreholes, Drinking Water, Daloa

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Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou, Amadou Kouyate, Ali Sanou, Aka Eric Koffi, Mougo Andre Tigori, et al. (2022). Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 8(3), 186-196. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13

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Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou; Amadou Kouyate; Ali Sanou; Aka Eric Koffi; Mougo Andre Tigori, et al. Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health. J. Health Environ. Res. 2022, 8(3), 186-196. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13

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Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou, Amadou Kouyate, Ali Sanou, Aka Eric Koffi, Mougo Andre Tigori, et al. Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health. J Health Environ Res. 2022;8(3):186-196. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13

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@article{10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13,
  author = {Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou and Amadou Kouyate and Ali Sanou and Aka Eric Koffi and Mougo Andre Tigori and Namory Meite and Koffi Jean-Paul Bohoussou and Brou Dibi},
  title = {Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {186-196},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20220803.13},
  abstract = {Water is the main water requirement of the human body. However, 80% of water-related diseases affect people in developing countries. Physicochemical analyzes (nutrient salts, mineral salts, physical parameters) were carried out on water points (springs, boreholes, wells and taps) in order to assess the level of contamination of drinking water in the city of Daloa. A total of 18 drinking water quality parameters were determined using standard water analysis techniques and the values obtained were compared to the drinking water standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The descriptive analysis of the parameters showed that the waters have an acid pH with a more pronounced acidity in groundwater (pH 4.25 – 5.88). That made them non-compliant with the WHO standard (6.5 – 8.5). In addition, the temperature of the waters studied (25.2 – 28.4°C) is higher than the standard (25°C) for all the water points except tap R1 (24.3°C). Furthermore, these waters are weakly mineralized with conductivities (0.73 – 4.28 mg/L) and levels of total dissolved solids (0.32 – 2.41 mg/L) which meet WHO standards. Also, 4 water points (44.44%) are contaminated by nitrites; 8 (88.88%) are contaminated with ammonium and all the water points (100%) have chemical oxygen demand values above the WHO standard (10 mg/L). However, calcium (0.276 – 0.601 mg/L), magnesium (0.205 – 0.256 mg/L), sodium (20.37 – 37.13 mg/L), potassium (0.198 – 0.433 mg/L), sulfates (0.69 – 15.98 mg/L), chlorides (8.88 – 26.63 mg/L), orthophosphates (0.01 to 0.26 mg/L), nitrates (0. 93 – 28.13 mg/L) and turbidity (0.16 – 4.16) comply with WHO standards for drinking water which are respectively 100 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 200 mg/ L, 12 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 5 NTU. Moreover, all the waters sampled have a total nitrogen level (0.22 to 0.56 mg/L) that comply with the EPA standard (10 mg/L) for human consumption. In general, the physico-chemical quality of the waters sampled is acceptable but in some cases, it requires a specific treatment (filtration, adsorption, etc) before consumption.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health
AU  - Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou
AU  - Amadou Kouyate
AU  - Ali Sanou
AU  - Aka Eric Koffi
AU  - Mougo Andre Tigori
AU  - Namory Meite
AU  - Koffi Jean-Paul Bohoussou
AU  - Brou Dibi
Y1  - 2022/09/14
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 186
EP  - 196
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13
AB  - Water is the main water requirement of the human body. However, 80% of water-related diseases affect people in developing countries. Physicochemical analyzes (nutrient salts, mineral salts, physical parameters) were carried out on water points (springs, boreholes, wells and taps) in order to assess the level of contamination of drinking water in the city of Daloa. A total of 18 drinking water quality parameters were determined using standard water analysis techniques and the values obtained were compared to the drinking water standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The descriptive analysis of the parameters showed that the waters have an acid pH with a more pronounced acidity in groundwater (pH 4.25 – 5.88). That made them non-compliant with the WHO standard (6.5 – 8.5). In addition, the temperature of the waters studied (25.2 – 28.4°C) is higher than the standard (25°C) for all the water points except tap R1 (24.3°C). Furthermore, these waters are weakly mineralized with conductivities (0.73 – 4.28 mg/L) and levels of total dissolved solids (0.32 – 2.41 mg/L) which meet WHO standards. Also, 4 water points (44.44%) are contaminated by nitrites; 8 (88.88%) are contaminated with ammonium and all the water points (100%) have chemical oxygen demand values above the WHO standard (10 mg/L). However, calcium (0.276 – 0.601 mg/L), magnesium (0.205 – 0.256 mg/L), sodium (20.37 – 37.13 mg/L), potassium (0.198 – 0.433 mg/L), sulfates (0.69 – 15.98 mg/L), chlorides (8.88 – 26.63 mg/L), orthophosphates (0.01 to 0.26 mg/L), nitrates (0. 93 – 28.13 mg/L) and turbidity (0.16 – 4.16) comply with WHO standards for drinking water which are respectively 100 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 200 mg/ L, 12 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 5 NTU. Moreover, all the waters sampled have a total nitrogen level (0.22 to 0.56 mg/L) that comply with the EPA standard (10 mg/L) for human consumption. In general, the physico-chemical quality of the waters sampled is acceptable but in some cases, it requires a specific treatment (filtration, adsorption, etc) before consumption.
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou

Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, Université Félix Houphou?t-Boigny, Abidjan, C?te d'Ivoire
Amadou Kouyate

Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, C?te d’Ivoire
Ali Sanou

Laboratoire des Procédés Industriels de Synthèses de l’Environnement et des Energies Nouvelles, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphou?t-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, C?te d’Ivoire
Aka Eric Koffi

Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, C?te d’Ivoire
Mougo Andre Tigori

Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, C?te d’Ivoire
Namory Meite

Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, Université Félix Houphou?t-Boigny, Abidjan, C?te d'Ivoire
Koffi Jean-Paul Bohoussou

Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, C?te d’Ivoire
Brou Dibi

Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, C?te d’Ivoire

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APA Style

Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou, Amadou Kouyate, Ali Sanou, Aka Eric Koffi, Mougo Andre Tigori, et al. (2022). Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 8(3), 186-196. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13

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ACS Style

Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou; Amadou Kouyate; Ali Sanou; Aka Eric Koffi; Mougo Andre Tigori, et al. Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health. J. Health Environ. Res. 2022, 8(3), 186-196. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13

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AMA Style

Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou, Amadou Kouyate, Ali Sanou, Aka Eric Koffi, Mougo Andre Tigori, et al. Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health. J Health Environ Res. 2022;8(3):186-196. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13

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@article{10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13,
  author = {Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou and Amadou Kouyate and Ali Sanou and Aka Eric Koffi and Mougo Andre Tigori and Namory Meite and Koffi Jean-Paul Bohoussou and Brou Dibi},
  title = {Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {186-196},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20220803.13},
  abstract = {Water is the main water requirement of the human body. However, 80% of water-related diseases affect people in developing countries. Physicochemical analyzes (nutrient salts, mineral salts, physical parameters) were carried out on water points (springs, boreholes, wells and taps) in order to assess the level of contamination of drinking water in the city of Daloa. A total of 18 drinking water quality parameters were determined using standard water analysis techniques and the values obtained were compared to the drinking water standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The descriptive analysis of the parameters showed that the waters have an acid pH with a more pronounced acidity in groundwater (pH 4.25 – 5.88). That made them non-compliant with the WHO standard (6.5 – 8.5). In addition, the temperature of the waters studied (25.2 – 28.4°C) is higher than the standard (25°C) for all the water points except tap R1 (24.3°C). Furthermore, these waters are weakly mineralized with conductivities (0.73 – 4.28 mg/L) and levels of total dissolved solids (0.32 – 2.41 mg/L) which meet WHO standards. Also, 4 water points (44.44%) are contaminated by nitrites; 8 (88.88%) are contaminated with ammonium and all the water points (100%) have chemical oxygen demand values above the WHO standard (10 mg/L). However, calcium (0.276 – 0.601 mg/L), magnesium (0.205 – 0.256 mg/L), sodium (20.37 – 37.13 mg/L), potassium (0.198 – 0.433 mg/L), sulfates (0.69 – 15.98 mg/L), chlorides (8.88 – 26.63 mg/L), orthophosphates (0.01 to 0.26 mg/L), nitrates (0. 93 – 28.13 mg/L) and turbidity (0.16 – 4.16) comply with WHO standards for drinking water which are respectively 100 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 200 mg/ L, 12 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 5 NTU. Moreover, all the waters sampled have a total nitrogen level (0.22 to 0.56 mg/L) that comply with the EPA standard (10 mg/L) for human consumption. In general, the physico-chemical quality of the waters sampled is acceptable but in some cases, it requires a specific treatment (filtration, adsorption, etc) before consumption.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of the Physico-chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the City of Daloa (Mid-West of Côte d'Ivoire) - Effects on Human Health
AU  - Lebe Prisca Marie-Sandrine Kouakou
AU  - Amadou Kouyate
AU  - Ali Sanou
AU  - Aka Eric Koffi
AU  - Mougo Andre Tigori
AU  - Namory Meite
AU  - Koffi Jean-Paul Bohoussou
AU  - Brou Dibi
Y1  - 2022/09/14
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 186
EP  - 196
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220803.13
AB  - Water is the main water requirement of the human body. However, 80% of water-related diseases affect people in developing countries. Physicochemical analyzes (nutrient salts, mineral salts, physical parameters) were carried out on water points (springs, boreholes, wells and taps) in order to assess the level of contamination of drinking water in the city of Daloa. A total of 18 drinking water quality parameters were determined using standard water analysis techniques and the values obtained were compared to the drinking water standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The descriptive analysis of the parameters showed that the waters have an acid pH with a more pronounced acidity in groundwater (pH 4.25 – 5.88). That made them non-compliant with the WHO standard (6.5 – 8.5). In addition, the temperature of the waters studied (25.2 – 28.4°C) is higher than the standard (25°C) for all the water points except tap R1 (24.3°C). Furthermore, these waters are weakly mineralized with conductivities (0.73 – 4.28 mg/L) and levels of total dissolved solids (0.32 – 2.41 mg/L) which meet WHO standards. Also, 4 water points (44.44%) are contaminated by nitrites; 8 (88.88%) are contaminated with ammonium and all the water points (100%) have chemical oxygen demand values above the WHO standard (10 mg/L). However, calcium (0.276 – 0.601 mg/L), magnesium (0.205 – 0.256 mg/L), sodium (20.37 – 37.13 mg/L), potassium (0.198 – 0.433 mg/L), sulfates (0.69 – 15.98 mg/L), chlorides (8.88 – 26.63 mg/L), orthophosphates (0.01 to 0.26 mg/L), nitrates (0. 93 – 28.13 mg/L) and turbidity (0.16 – 4.16) comply with WHO standards for drinking water which are respectively 100 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 200 mg/ L, 12 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 5 NTU. Moreover, all the waters sampled have a total nitrogen level (0.22 to 0.56 mg/L) that comply with the EPA standard (10 mg/L) for human consumption. In general, the physico-chemical quality of the waters sampled is acceptable but in some cases, it requires a specific treatment (filtration, adsorption, etc) before consumption.
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
ER  -

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